Parent Child Relationship in aetiology of Narcissism

P arnt Child Relationship in aetiology of amour propreAlthough Freud (1900) did non use the term vanity to represent an important comment he noted in his investigation of dreams he reports the following as a likely basis for the constitution traits of these individualsI have put in that people who cut that they ar preferred or be prefer by their m separate give evidence in their lives of a odd self-importance reliance and an unshakeable optimism which often calculate like heroic attributes and make for actual success to their possessors. (p, 398)Millon (1969/1981, 1987) and Sperry (2003) h grizzly that narcism is not a chemical reaction to enate devaluation but rather a consequence of fireal over-valuation. The boor is treated as a special person with a mickle of attention, and led by p bents believe that he/she is lovable and perfect. Such an unreal over-valuation go forth lead to self-illusions that cannot be sustained in the outer human being.Kernberg (1975 ) describes this psychodynamic access code as object-relations approach to the understanding of the causes of selfish personality disorders. In accommodate of this approach, researcher has found that abused fryren, children of divorced mother father or children whose mother / father died or who have been given up for betrothal ar at greater risk for the development of narcissistic personality disorders. He further explains the pathological mother-child relationship as the base of narcissism. A cold and un-empathetic mother leads the child to feel himself unloved. The child, in turn, projects his rage onto parents sequence defensively investing in some aspect of the self that his parents value. The hoity-toity self reflects a fusion of the parently valued of the child with a fantasized attractive mother.According to Kernberg, the negative aspects of self are split off from the important self. In short narcissistic self is pathological. One aspect of narcissism is intensely ambitious, self-aborbed and overly dependent on acclaim. Another aspect of the narcissist is characterized by a pretermit of empathy, emptiness and uncertainty nigh identity.In other words, Kernberg (1975) characterizes narcissistics as possessing an unusual degree of self-reference in their interactions (p.655), as advantageously as a great need to be admired a shallow emotional life and an exploitative and some condemnation bloodsucking relationship with others.Kohut (1977, 1984) came to view narcissism as underlying a transparent and separate line of psychological development. At one and of the dimension, thither are in fantasies about the self and others, which tend to reflect grandiose and view fantasies of the omnipotence of the self or the other as fantasists of extreme helplessness and powerlessness.At the other end, developmentally advanced and psychologically healthier narcissism prevails, allowing for dependent attachment to others, stable self-esteem and arrogan ce and investment in relationships, hunt down and personal convictions,According to Kohut, individuals exist to within the psychological context of a self-object matrix, the intrapsychic representation of the self-sustaining functions of the environment.Importantly, his approach is developmental. The evolution and the development of the personality is delineate in large part by the nature of the surrounding environment. zillion (1969, 1981) holds that the narcissistic personality is found in unwarranted unconditional parental valuation of the child. This could account for the unjustified sense of self expense, disdain for rules of loving conduct and expansive sense of self-importance. Similarly, parental overindulgence and operateure to set limits could account for the lack of a sense of valuate for others and the absence of self concur.After a long gap, Million (1990) and Million and Everly (1985) repeated his same(predicate) conviction that narcissism is the p rod celluct of home environment. Within Millions social skill frame world a lack of parental enforcement of discipline, does, indeed seem to be a plausible factor in promoting narcissistic symptoms which embarrass self-grandiosity, fantasies of personal perfection of sense of specialness ness and entitlement, demand for excessive admiration, envy, interpersonal exploitativeness, a lack of empathy and arrogance (APA, 1994).Miller (1984) holds that an abusive and fundamentally authoritarian style of parenting fosters narcissism.Lerner (1986) holds that narcissistic personality is the product of family environment that fasters lower self-esteem, disintegration misgiving and feelings of depletion (p.335). feelings of deadness and nonexistence and a self-perception of emptiness weakness and hopelessness. (p.336)Siomopoulos (1988) follows the proposition that disorder may arise when cold and rejecting parents interact with their children with the outcome that children feel rejected and unworthy in the world. Since all children are not alike, individual differences among them lead some of them live their lives defending against the man by believing that they are desirable. As such, they turn to others for admiration. Those who touch ferocity on wee emotional life experience further visualise that early negative parental perception spoils the healthy relationship if there is all promotes grandiose self-image in children which helps them maintain illusions of self-sufficiency and immunity from dependence.Wolf (1988) holds anxiety and depression foster complaints of narcissistic patients.Beck and Freeman (1990) are of the opinion that narcissism is the product of parental overindulgence and overvaluation by signifi money box others during childhood.Shengold (1991) believes that parents of narcissistic patients had failed to be forceful and firm and they were unable to refuse their childrens demand and to confabulate any kind of discipline.Curtis and Cowell (1993) belie ve that narcissism is the result of childrens feelings that parents often buck them special, talented and above the average.Vaillant (1994) hold interactions with cold and rejecting parents produces a feeling of self unworthiness in children with the result that children defend themselves by projecting that they are good and wanted, they look at others with the expectations that they will get praise for the worth and value they have.Siomopoulos (1988) followed the proposition that disorder may arise when cold and rejecting parents interact with their children, with the result that children feel rejected and unworthy in the world. Since all children are not alike, individual differences among them lead some of them to live their lives defending against the realism by believing that they are desirable.As such, they turn to others for admiration. Those who place emphasis on early emotional life experience further propose that early negative parental perception spoils the healthy rela tionship if there is any promotes grandiose self-image in children which helps them maintain illusions of self sufficiency and freedom from dependence.If we put all these theories together and squeezed them fully well we will descry faulty parenting at the base of narcissism. As such, a little reverence to the understanding of parenting seems to be relevant here.Parenting Al or so in all westbound countries some children spend a great deal of time in a child-care centers away from the home, parents are still the main caregivers for the vast mass of the worlds children. And parents have always wondered what is the best way to rear their children. Spare the rod and spoil the child. Children are to be seen and not heard. There was a time when parents took those adages seriously. But our attitudes toward children and parenting techniqueshave changed.Parenting Styles To become good parents, it is important for parents to be sensitive to the childrens personal identity (Samson Ko thbart, 1995), characteristic way of responding. Baumrind (1971, 1991) believes that parents interact with their children in one of the four underlying ways. She classifies parenting styles as authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and indulgent.Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parents directions and to respect work and effort. The authoritarian parent intemperately limits and controls the child with little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with childrens social incompetence. In a difference of opinion about how to be something, for example, the authoritarian parent competency say, You do it my way or else.There will be no parole Children of authoritarian parents are often anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skillsAuthoritative parenting encourages children to be fissiparous but still places limits and controls on their behavior . Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed and parents are wweapon system and nuturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is authoritative parent might put his arm around the child in a comforting way and say, You chouse you should not have done that lets talk about how you can incubate the situation better next time. Children whose parents are authoritative tend to be socially competent, self-reliant, and socially responsible.Neglectful parenting is a style is which parents are unaffectionate in their childs life. This style is associated with the childs social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. This grapheme of parent cannot give an affirmative answer to the question, Its 10 P.M. Do you know where your child is? Children have a strong need for their parents to care about them. Children whose parents are neglectful might develop a sense that other aspects of the parents lives are more important than they are. Children whose parents are neglectful tend to sight poor self-control and do not handle independence well. balmy parenting is a style in which parents are involved with their children but place few demands on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with childrens social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control. Such parents let their children do what they want, and the result is the children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to be get their way. more or less parents deliberately rear their children in this way because they believe the combinations of warm exponentiation with few restraints will duce pro a creative, confident child. One boy whose parents deliberately reared him in an indulgent manner moved his parents out of their bedroom suite and took it over for himself. He is almost 18 years old and still has not learned to control his behavior when he cant get something he wants, he throws temper tantrums with the result he is not very popular with his peers. Children whose parents are i ndulgent never learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.The Mothers and Fathers Roles _ What do you think of when you hear the world motherhood? If you are like most people, you associate motherhood with a number of positive imaged, such as warmth, selflessness, dutifulness and tolerance (Matline, 1993). And while most women expect that motherhood will be happy a fulfilling, the reality is that motherhood has been accorded relatively low prestige in our society (Hoffnung, 1984). When voluptuary up against money, power, and achievement, motherhood unfortunately doesnt fare too well, and mother seldom receive the appreciation they warrant. When children dont succeed or they develop problems our society has had a tendency to attribute the lack of success or the development of problems to a single source mother. One of psychologys most important lessons is that behavior is multi determined. So it is with childrens developmentwhen development goes awry, m other are not the single cause of the problems, stock-still though our society stereotypes them in this way.A special concern of many contemporary mothers is whether working full-time in a career will harm their childrens development. There is no evidence that this is the case (Parke Buriel, 1998). Nonetheless, when working-mothers place their children in child care (nonmaternal care), they worry about whether it will harm their children. This is a legitimate concern.Childrens socio-emotional development can significantly benefit from interaction with a caring, accessible and dependable father who fosters a sense of trust and confidence (Lamb, 1998 Snarey, 1998). The fathers childrens social competence, because he is often the only male the child encounters on a regular day-to-day basis.Father-mother cooperation and mutual respect help the child develop positive attitude toward both parents and him / her self also (Biller, 1993). It is much(prenominal) easier for working-parents to cope with changing family circumstances and day-care issues when father and mother equitable portion out child-rearing responsibilities. Mothers feel less stress and have more positive attitudes toward their husbands when they are supportive-partners.