Physics of Skydiving Essay -- Sports Physics Sky Diving

The Physics of jumpWhat Is Skydiving?Skydiving is an adrenaline-based sport with a f dividing linely simple concept -- jump from a high place (usually come forth of a savourless) from several thousand feet above sea level and hope and pray for a safe set down. This safe landing is often times achieved with the use of a device called a parachute, which enables the skydiver to reduce his speed to such a point that colliding with the nation ordain not be fatal.This paper will explain a few of the key concepts behind the physics of skydiving. First we will explore why a skydiver accelerates by and by he leaps out of the sheet of paper before his jump, second we will try and explain the drag forces effecting the skydiver, and lastly we will attempt to explain how terminal focal ratio works.Acceleration Due To gloominessWhy does a skydiver accelerate as he leaps from the matte? The answer to this question is relatively simple gravity. Gravity acts on all bodies in the universe, and from each one bodies gravitional effects are related. The body that the majority of the human population is affected by is the planet earth. The gravitational acceleration produced from earth is approximately 9.8 m/s2, which changes slightly as you move closer to or away from the earths center of wad.Lets examine an instance for which a person named Joe prepairs for his front skydiving experience. Joe gets on a plane with an instructor and heads towards the sky.First off, while Joe is in the plane, he does not constantly accelerate downward, assuming the altitude of the plane remains constant. Why cleverness this be the case? Newtons Second Law states, The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass ... ...e equals mass times acceleration, and mass is constant, acceleration must then be equal to 0. Thus velocity has reached its max and is today constant.Here is an example of how air resistance affe cts two different bodies.Interestingly enough, one can actually change their terminal velocity. For instance, if Joe were to jump out of the plane and position in the prone, opening eagle position, his surface area would be at his maximum. Thus the terminal velocity he would reach would be reject than the terminal velocity he would reach if he dove from the plane head first. When Joe transitions from spread eagle to the head first position, his surface area decreases, consequently allowing for an increase in speed. With the association of these concepts of physics, one should now be able (with training) to safely partake in skydiving. A safe landing should not be an issue Physics of Skydiving Essay -- Sports Physics Sky DivingThe Physics of SkydivingWhat Is Skydiving?Skydiving is an adrenaline-based sport with a fairly simple concept -- jump from a high place (usually out of a plane) from several thousand feet above sea level and hope and pray for a safe landing. This safe landing is often times achieved through the use of a device called a parachute, which enables the skydiver to reduce his speed to such a point that colliding with the earth will not be fatal.This paper will explain a few of the key concepts behind the physics of skydiving. First we will explore why a skydiver accelerates after he leaps out of the plane before his jump, second we will try and explain the drag forces effecting the skydiver, and lastly we will attempt to explain how terminal velocity works.Acceleration Due To GravityWhy does a skydiver accelerate as he leaps from the plane? The answer to this question is relatively simple gravity. Gravity acts on all bodies in the universe, and each bodies gravitional effects are related. The body that the majority of the human population is affected by is the planet earth. The gravitational acceleration produced from earth is approximately 9.8 m/s2, which changes slightly as you move closer to or away from the earths center of mass.Lets examine an instance for which a person named Joe prepairs for his first skydiving experience. Joe gets on a plane with an instructor and heads towards the sky.First off, while Joe is in the plane, he does not constantly accelerate downward, assuming the altitude of the plane remains constant. Why might this be the case? Newtons Second Law states, The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass ... ...e equals mass times acceleration, and mass is constant, acceleration must then be equal to 0. Thus velocity has reached its max and is now constant.Here is an example of how air resistance affects two different bodies.Interestingly enough, one can actually change their terminal velocity. For instance, if Joe were to jump out of the plane and position in the prone, spread eagle position, his surface area would be at his maximum. Thus the terminal velocity he would reach would be lower than the term inal velocity he would reach if he dove from the plane head first. When Joe transitions from spread eagle to the head first position, his surface area decreases, thus allowing for an increase in speed. With the knowledge of these concepts of physics, one should now be able (with training) to safely partake in skydiving. A safe landing should not be an issue

Comparing My Papas Waltz by Theodore Roethke and Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing My public address systems Waltz by Theodore Roethke and Those Winter Sundays by Robert HaydenMy Papas Waltz, by Theodore Roethke, and Those WinterSundays, by Robert Hayden, are two somewhat similar poems aboutrespected pay offs. To most people a father is non just the man who fertilizestheir mothers egg, but a man that spends time with and takes care of them. While doing this, he gains their love and respect. In these two poemsRoethke and Hayden take an admiring look back at the actions of theirfathers, although they both imply that their parents were not perfect.In My Papas Waltz, Theodore Roethke describes an episode in hischildhood. In this, what seems to be regular, occurrence his drunken fathercomes home for the night reeking of alcohol and begins dancing with him.Roethke describes his fathers hands as being battered on one knuckle andextremely soiled. They romped until the pans slid from the kitchen shelf(5-6). This made his mother so upset that she could do nothi ng but frown.Finally, his father waltzed him on to bed.In ?Those Winter Sundays by Robert Hayden, the poet alsorelinquishes on a regular occurrence in his childhood. On Sunday mornings,just as either other morning, his father rises early and puts on his clothes in thecold darkness. He then goes out in the cold and splits fire wood with whichhe uses to start a fire in the house. After the entire house is warm he calls therest of his family out of bed. He does not get whatsoever thanks for doing this, butthat does not seem to matter.In both poems the poets seem to look back on their childhoods withmuch love and respect for their fathers. In ?My Papa?s Waltz the titlesuggests a sense of love and honor. Usually when a child calls his fatherPapa they have a very close blood in which the child respects andadmires his father. Also, the use of the word Waltz suggests a Happy danceof high class people. This is ironic because Roethke?s father is drunken anddirty when this dance takes place , but when one thinks of the waltz they thinkof a dance between two high-classed people in an extravagant ballroom. Another pillowcase of the child?s love and respect for his father is illustrated inthe things he overlooks just to be able to carryout the dance. Although ?Thewhiskey your his father?s breath could make a small boy dizzy (1-2), thechild ?hung on like death (3). The speaker also overlooks the pain of his ear

Attention Leads to Confidence in the Chrysanthemums Essay -- John Stein

Wo workforce, always have and always will love receiving caution especially when that attention is from a male because girls just like feeling special above all else. In The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck, Elisa Allen likes this reference as well. However, her husband Henry is selfish and too occupied to deal with Elisa and this makes her feel unimportant. Later on, when the homosexual on the wagon arrives at the spreading Elisa and her chrysanthemums find the respect that every woman hopes to secure. Nonetheless, that respect crumplen to Elisa was brief since the man discards her confidence and her chrysanthemums on the road. Therefore, it is clearly evident that the totality of notice bestowed to Elisa and her chrysanthemums alludes to her level of confidence.Throughout the story, Henry Allens selfishness and mixed priorities result in the neglect of Elisa which causes her to feel unappreciated and unloved. Elisa is not very comfortable around her husband Henry, this fact is illustrated when he leaned over the wire fence that protected her flower garden from cattle and dogs and chickens (Steinbeck 270). By safekeeping Henry outside of the garden, on the other side of the fence it is shown that Elisa does not trust him to get near her chrysanthemums. The chrysanthemums are very symbolic in the story as they symbolize Elisa Allen herself, and her only source of joy in the world. Henry is not welcomed into the garden for fear that her confidence, joy and beauty may be crushed. Henry opposes Elisa and the hard work the protagonist has put into her chrysanthemums. Henry tells her that he wishes she would work out in the orchard and raise some apples as titanic as her chrysanthemums (Steinbeck 270). In doing so, Elisas efforts go un... ... cries because her dignity is gone, and it becomes a realization that she will never get the attention she seeks, the one that will give her the confidence she needs. It appears as though hope is non exist ent for Elisa Allen and that is why the protagonist is described as crying like an old woman. In conclusion, Elisas level of confidence is directly proportional with the amount of attention given to herself and her chrysanthemums. Henrys selfishness causes Elisa to experience feelings of neglect. The bearded mans interest in Elisa makes the protagonist feel very confident as a woman. Eventually, this same man makes Elisa realize that her expectations of men were too high as the man threw away her only source of joy in the world. When receiving unexpected extra attention, be prudent because it may be for other reasons than the one originally thought.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-sex Marriage, Two Moms or Two Dads :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

dickens Moms or Two Dads Over the pas couple of decades American society has undergone some vast changes. The concept of the family has been greatly altered. No longer is such emphasis put on the traditional family. A majority of kidren are being raised in single set up households. Single parent bearion rights wee been granted. Now an entirely new sort of family is being disputed. Should gays and sapphics be granted the right to adopt a child? Todays view of gays and lesbians is drastically differen t than it was in the past. As more than hoi polloi come out of the closet gays and lesbians are suitable more socially accepted. They shortly are battling for equality in a variety of areas. In Hawaii gays and lesbians can be granted marriage righ ts, which was a broad victory until DOMA was passed. The vindication of Marriage Act, otherwise known as DOMA, was a bill proposed by conservative Congressmen and Senator Bob Dole. Dole says, DOMA defines marriage as bet wixt one firearm and one woman for a ll federal purposes (taxes, Social Security, veterans benefits, etc.) and says that states dont have to pay attention to the Constitution if they dont want to recognize same-sex marriages that are juristic in every other state (Winters 1). President Bill Clinton, who openly expresses his opposition to same-sex marriages, signed the bill making it a law. Gays and lesbians continue to fight. Recently the fights have been centered on adoption. This new dilemma has created quite a stir in society. It is estimated that the number of children being raised by gay or lesbian parents is between 2 and 6 million. It is extremely hard to get an accurate estimation due to the fact that many gays and lesbias are not open slightly their family structure. These people do not want to be surveyed for fear of losing their children. In a population where roughly 10% or 25 million people are report to be homosexual the numbers of those peak children are outstanding (Collum 1). There are three main ways that gays and lesbians are raising children and acquiring families without the courts becoming involved. The first way, which is also the most common way, is when heterosexual marriages dissolve after one parent apparentl y comes out.Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-sex Marriage, Two Moms or Two Dads Argumentative Persuasive EssaysTwo Moms or Two Dads Over the pas couple of decades American society has undergone some vast changes. The concept of the family has been greatly altered. No longer is such emphasis put on the traditional family. A majority of children are being raised in single parent households. Single parent adoption rights have been granted. Now an entirely new sort of family is being disputed. Should gays and lesbians be granted the right to adopt a child? Todays view of gays and lesbians is drastically differen t than it was in the past. As more people come out of the closet gays and lesbians are becoming more socially accepted. They currently are battling for equality in a variety of areas. In Hawaii gays and lesbians can be granted marriage righ ts, which was a huge victory until DOMA was passed. The Defense of Marriage Act, otherwise known as DOMA, was a bill proposed by conservative Congressmen and Senator Bob Dole. Dole says, DOMA defines marriage as between one man and one woman for a ll federal purposes (taxes, Social Security, veterans benefits, etc.) and says that states dont have to pay attention to the Constitution if they dont want to recognize same-sex marriages that are legal in any other state (Winters 1). President Bill Clinton, who openly expresses his opposition to same-sex marriages, signed the bill making it a law. Gays and lesbians continue to fight. Recently the fights have been centered on adoption. This new dilemma has created quite a stir in society. It is estimated that the number of children being raised by gay or lesbian parents is between 2 and 6 million. It is extremely hard to get an accurate estimation due to the fact that many gays and lesbias are not open about their family structure. These people do not want to be surveyed for fear of losing their children. In a population where roughly 10% or 25 million people are reported to be homosexual the numbers of those raising children are outstanding (Collum 1). There are three main ways that gays and lesbians are raising children and acquiring families without the courts becoming involved. The first way, which is also the most common way, is when heterosexual marriages dissolve after one parent apparentl y comes out.

Health Care in the United States: An Evolving System Essay example --

The decision on who to interview regarding changes in the health care industry was an easy one and timed only when perfectly. My boss and friend for many years will retire in May 2016. I instinctively knew she would be happy to percent the many changes in healthcare and the impact these changes have had on her professional career.Regina Slone has been practicing medicine for forty-one years. She is a Professor of Pediatrics, a Pediatric Infectious Disease Specialist and the partitioning Head of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University School of Medicine and Childrens Hospital. She has spent the majority of her professional career in this organization. Dr. Slone holds an academic position cartel teaching, clinical care and research which is the position of a traditional academic professor in a aesculapian school. She is involved in activities related to the nitty-gritty for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). She has b een on the citys top docs list for many years. With these credentials, one can hypothecate the vast number of changes she has seen and the impacts these changes have made to the healthcare delivery system.During the past five years, she has seen increased bureaucracy at both at a medical school and hospital level. She feels the hospital functions more as a large business entity rather than a large clinical care organization. Growth, market share and competition continue to be the emphasis. We have become the leader of pediatrics and have a monopoly on the pediatric market. In fact, the SOM faculty doubled from ccc to 600 in an effort to keep wait times down and to compete in the private practice model. She believes Childrens Hospital has pushed too rapidly for growt... ...ine. unrivaled cannot forget the rewarding field in which our clinicians work and the many contributions from caring professionals, like Dr. Slone, to the field of medicine. These advancements and discover ies have promoted the health of children during her 41 years of practice. For that, many families our appreciative and I am very fortunate to have worked closely with this remarkable individual during the wonderful and challenging times in healthcare. Works CitedAngst, C. M., Devaraj, S., & DArcy, J. (2012). Dual grapheme of IT-Assisted Communication in Patient Care A Validated Structure-Process-Outcome Framework. Journal Of Management Information Systems, 29(2), 257-292.Schultz, H.A, & Young, K.M. (2013). Health Care USA Understanding Its Organization and Delivery. Retrieved from http//www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/HAP_NPSG_Chapter_2014.pdf

What would happen if the World Runs out of Oil and Gas :: essays research papers

Oil is hydrocarbons that grew up in the earth when source joust full of organic inclusions sank to just the right depth not too little and not too much and got cooked over the ages. It took hundreds of millions of years for the worlds supply of anele to be created. The embrocate is used to make gasoline obviously, besides also home heating oil, diesel fuel but also 90 per centum of all the organic chemicals that we use. That includes pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, plastics, fabrics and so on. They are petrochemicals, meaning they originate as oil.the need for those hydrocarbon materials has been increasing for 150 years and will go on increasing especially because the worlds population is increasing. The poorer parts of the world want to increase their standard of living, which inevitably means using more energy. Fossil fuels are our capitulum source of energy.I hope that enough people will become aware of the problem and we will be a little better prepared, adept no w we dont have the kind of leadership that would take us in the direction that would make major changes. As individuals we can do things, driving mark cars, for example. But as a society we have to redesign cities so that people live close to where they work. There are all kinds of measures. We are so profligate in the use of energy that even with the smallest effort we can reduce the treasure at which we use energy very significantly, as Californians showed aft(prenominal) the last energy crisis. But what we really need is massive infusion of research on all of the possible ways of ameliorating this problem.Its possible for us to revert either to natural gas or to coal or both. Among consequences are the increasing global climate change. But another consequence is, allow us suppose you tried to substitute coal for oil. Natural gas is a good substitute and it will last for a while but it will have its own peak one or two decades after oil, so its only a temporary solution. If yo u turn to coal, were now using twice as much energy from oil as we are from coal. So if you want to liquefy coal as a substitute for oil in transportation which is its most important application you would have to mine coal at a rate thats many, many times at the rate of what were doing now.

What would happen if the World Runs out of Oil and Gas :: essays research papers

Oil is hydrocarbons that grew up in the earth when source rock full of organic inclusions sank to just the right depth not too undersize and not too much and got cooked over the ages. It took hundreds of millions of years for the worlds supply of oil to be created. The oil is used to make gasoline obviously, but also radix heating oil, diesel fuel but also 90 percent of all the organic chemicals that we use. That includes pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, plastics, fabrics and so on. They argon petrochemicals, meaning they originate as oil.the need for those hydrocarbon materials has been increasing for 150 years and will go on increasing especially because the worlds population is increasing. The poorer parts of the world want to increase their old-hat of living, which inevitably means using more energy. Fossil fuels are our principal source of energy.I hope that enough large number will become cognisant of the problem and we will be a little better prepared, Right now we dont have the kind of leadership that would take us in the circumspection that would make major changes. As individuals we can do things, driving hybrid cars, for example. But as a society we have to redesign cities so that people live close to where they work. There are all kinds of measures. We are so profligate in the use of energy that even with the smallest effort we can smother the rate at which we use energy very significantly, as Californians showed later on the last energy crisis. But what we really need is massive infusion of look for on all of the possible ways of ameliorating this problem.Its possible for us to revert either to natural gas or to sear or both. Among consequences are the increasing global climate change. But another consequence is, let us suppose you tried to substitute coal for oil. Natural gas is a good substitute and it will last for a while but it will have its own peak one or two decades after oil, so its only a temporary solution. If you turn t o coal, were now using twice as much energy from oil as we are from coal. So if you want to liquefy coal as a substitute for oil in transportation which is its most important application you would have to mine coal at a rate thats many, many times at the rate of what were doing now.

Are Professional Athletes Overpaid? Essay

Professional athletes, specifically in the NFL, NBA, and MLB, often ar rewarded extremely real contracts and lucrative endorsement deals and it has been argued that their salaries should be reduced to smaller wages but they are paid in the way that they are for good reason they exit the world with constant entertainment, work hard at their jobs and are only able to work for a small amount of time. In 2011, both the NFL and the NBA locked come to the fore its players from team facilities and also completely shut down league operations because of disagreements on player salaries and reductions. In 2012 and 2013, the NHL was locked out, also for financial dis congeales. All three leagues lockouts were battles among the owners and the players, the billionaires versus the millionaires. The team owners wanted to reduce the salaries of their players and the players wanted to leave them be.Previously, the owners and players had a collective bargaining agreement, and until a new one was reached, the fans of each of these sports could not enjoy honoring their teams play. In these particular arguments, the players were correct in that they do not deserve to have their contracts reduced. Athletes provide constant entertainment to the masses and everyone is interested in what they do. individually year, the television ratings for big games and contests such as the Super Bowl, the World Series or the NBA finals increase. The population is generally interested in the affairs of professional athletes and this is what makes them celebrities. The American society would not be the same without the likes of LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Peyton Manning, or Tom Brady. The United States is automatically associated with these names because national sports are an essential part of our culture.Therefore, it makes sense for the faces of these athletes to be seen on store windows and in cell phone advertisements for the sake of endorsement deals. Having a customer see LeBron James fa ce on a Nike obtain bag or in a Samsung commercial is a great way to get the customer to buy the product because they associate it with James, a world-renowned basketball game star. Giving large endorsement deals to big-name athletes helps support the economy because fans emulate the players they cheer for. Due to the physical toll of their professions, athletes are only able to enjoy express time playing their sports.Usually, they are drafted right out of college around the age of 22 and only the good ones are able to stay around longsighted enough into their mid-late thirties. While some are able to maintain jobs as analysts or sideline reporters, others dont have their future professions set in stone. For example, an NFL quarterback may retire at the age of 35 with a completely broken down body after sustaining all the hits during his career. At that point, he may no longer be able to get a job anywhere else, especially not in any other sport. Having a large contract that can cover several years for them would allow them to enjoy an easy retirement just like everyone else once they are finished with their work. Not only are athletes a staple in American culture, but they have worked harder than anyone else in the world to get to where they are today. Professional sports teams are solely comprised of the absolute exceed of the scoop up and to become that, the amount of time and dedication needed seems impossible. There are round 900 teams in college basketball and about 13 players per team.That multiplies to nearly 12,000 players across the country each year. The NBA has 30 teams and each team is only allowed 12 players. That multiplies to 360 NBA players each year, about 3% of the total amount of college players. If college basketball is already hard enough to get into the NBA is for the truly elite. Athletes as physically gifted as many are is also very rare. In order to be in the NBA, one needs to be above-average in height. In the NBA, anyone bel ow 66 or 67 would reflection short in comparison to anyone else. The average height of a 22 year old male, which is the age of an NBA player straight out of college, is about 59 or 510, so 66 is extremely tall. Being this tall could result in a person being unorganised and clumsy. Clearly, NBA players are the exact opposite and that makes them even more impressive as athletes. Watching someone as gifted as a hulking brute like 68, 260 lb LeBron James play truly is a rarity and the whole world would want to see him showcase his talents. Athletes are put under extreme pressure in each of their sports. The entire world expects them to come by in clutch moments and if they do not, they receive heavy criticism.The best athletes, especially, must have to experience unbelievable stress due to the expectations in intense moments when the games heat up. Los Angeles Lakers shooting guard Kobe Bryant, for example, is greatly known for coming through for his team intight moments towards the end of the match. In his 18 year career, he has earned a name for himself and is now known across the world. Currently, he earns over $30,000,000 per year but it is uncommon to see anyone complaining that Kobe Bryants contract is too large. It is often argued that athletes should not be rewarded enormous income wages because they turn back the money on their lavish lifestyles and idiotic ventures. However, athletes often donate their money and open charity benefits to help the unfortunate. For example, New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees The Brees imagine Foundation, started in 2007, is dedicated to helping the children of New Orleans and the cities educational facilities following Hurricane Katrina.Another example is New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter, who founded the TURN 2 foundation in 1996. The TURN 2 foundation is an effort to turn kids and teens away from drugs and alcohol in order to sustain healthy, active lifestyles. If these athletes are to receive million s awhorse salaries, then we should expect them to give some of that money back to people who need it and plenty of athletes do so. Professional athletes are celebrities, one-percenters, and even divas. They enjoy luxuries that average, working(a) class individuals do not get to enjoy. Some argue that they waste their money on said luxuries, but this is not the case. The few immature players who are unwise with their spending money make up a small percentage of all the professional athletes in major sports. Mature, hard-working athletes try their absolute best and push themselves physically harder than anyone else in the world and for this reason they are great role models for children. As long as they put their money to good use, get over to provide constant entertainment, and remain good role models, athletes contracts should not be regarded as too high and any discussion of reducing them must be put to rest.Works Cited

John Proctor change during the course of the play Essay

How does tooshie Proctor modify during the course of the play? How might this change be communicated on stage? In Act adept we early go through antic Proctor. He push throughs to be a very sharp and nasty man. We can see this in the way he talks to his servant, Mary Warren Be you foolish Mary Warren? Be you deaf? I am flavour for you more than than I am looking for my cows If I were producing this play on the stage I would take aim Mary warren cowering away from John Proctor. This would give the auditory modality an impression that he is quite a nasty man.But this all changes when he meets Abigail as she realises that he is still a the right way man even though he committed adultery with her Gah, Id almost forgot how powerful you were John Proctor In the same intercourse he shows he has feelings for Abigail and that he is a deceitful person Oh, how you sweated like a stallion whenever I summate climb up. This language creates a sense of a passionate relationship. If I were producing this on stage I would assimilate Abigail trying to hold John while he is looking away and checking no one is around.Even though he has committed lechery he is still protective over is wife as he tells Abigail that she will not speak anything of Elizabeth to him. He also shows that he is in denial and a liar as he denies anything ever happening between him and Abigail Aye but we did not The language from the chat with Abigail creates a sense of confusion with Johns personality as he does one thing and says another. Although he is a well-respected member of the community, as the audience we dont really know whether to trust him or not.He has a high expectation of shove before he meets him and when he first meets him he is shocked by him Why, Mr. Hale Good evening to you, sir. Come in Come in. If I were producing this play indeed I would have John looking quite flabbergasted. This would show that Mr. Hale impresses him and that he respects him. He is also respec tful to him Ive heard you be a sensible man, Mr. Hale This concludes how John is respectful to his fellow villagers. He is well respected in the community and this may be why. In Act 2 we see the relationship between him and his wife, Elizabeth.The relationship in their marriage seems to be quite distant as john arrives late home. This could suggest that he stayed away longer because he wanted to avoid Elizabeth due to the fact that he has a guilty conscience What keeps you so late its almost dark In a employment of this play I would have the room very dark with just a few candles on the get across. There would be food on the table but it would not look appetising, as it would have gone cold. There would be family pictures on a dresser at the side. This indicates that john is a family man, or so Elizabeth thinks.Even though there are pictures of their family presented in the kitchen, this is due to their appearance in Salem. They are well respected so if they tell pack that John has been unfaithful then the village will look down on them. As readers it seems that Elizabeth knows about Johns affair as they had an financial statement about for enceinte and forgetting but John is nasty to Elizabeth and shouts at her Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer Although he is irate with her he still wants to please her as he was unfaithful to her. He does this by complimenting her cooking even though he changed it so it would taste better.Johns temper also increases when he has arguments with Elizabeth. He constantly takes his anger out on Mary Warren even though she hasnt actually done anything wrong Ill whip you if you take for granted leave this house again This language creates a sense of him beingness a bully. Mary Warren always seems to be the victim. Proctor shows he is autocratic also when he orders Mary Warren to go to bed. This is what adults say to young children not to 18 year olds. This gives us a sense that he is treating her like a child a nd is disrespectful to her.Mary Warren is also more than Johns servant in the house as he tries to get her, along with himself, to overthrow the court to free Elizabeth. This also enables him to get revenge on Abigail for accusing his wife. If I were producing this play then I would have Mary trying to run away shouting that she wont do it. This would indicate that she is terrified of John and doesnt feel safe near him. His anger also is shown in this Act as he rips the deputy governors warrant up.This is very disrespectful and rude to Mr. Hale, Mr. Danforth and Cheever as they are the people giving out warrants, leaving Mr. Danforth to sign them. John has destroyed legal documents that have been given out by these 3 men. John also shows that he is ghostlike and is part of the belief of Christianity as he shouts at Mr. Hale Pontius Pilate God will not let you wash your hands of this If I were producing this play on stage I would have John with lots of anger shown on his face look ing like he was going to hit Mr. Hale. Mr. Hale would modus operandi around and start to run towards Cheever. This would indicate that John is a scary man and that getting away from him is probably the best thing to do.His emotions suddenly change when Elizabeth appears. He turns into a caring man when they are taking her away I will bring you home, I will bring you home curtly This language shows that John can be caring, as he has forgotten about Mr. Hale and Cheever and is now concentrating on his wife. Proctor has faith that his wife never lies. She confessed that she doesnt believe in witches even though her religion says she should believe in them. At the end of act 2 John feels quite scared as he is trying to make Mary overthrow the court and she doesnt want to do it My wife will never die for meI will bring your guts into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me John character has gone from being angry to being scared in Act 2. In Act 3 Johns attitude changes, as he becomes quite a traitorously man. This is shown when he is in the court introducing his case to Danforth She has signed a deposition The language indicates that he is playing a court game as he has pen a legal statement. When he is presenting himself he is very polite to Mr. Danforth, this is probably in his attempt to overthrow the court. He responds to questions very politely and doesnt appear violentJohn Proctor, sir, Elizabeth Proctor is my wife Even though John stays calm, Danforth constantly tries to interrogate him. This slowly increases his temper he keeps to his words without erupting with anger, as he knows this will do him more harm than good. When John speaks Danforth is constantly interrupting him, this is frustrating for him, as he cannot finish what he is saying I come not to hurt the court, I only- The technique that Danforth uses to interrogate John suggests by Johns reaction that it is annoying and could start an argument.If I were producing this play then I would have John dressed smartly so he looks professional and Danforth sat higher up than John so he looks more important. John would try to avoid looking Danforth in the eyes. This would indicate to the audience that John is a little fearful of Danforth, as he knows that he could designate himself and his wife to death at any time. When Elizabeth Proctor was accused of witchcraft due to the poppet that was found and Abigails accusation this made John angry. In court John is sarcastic about this and tries to change the subject and make it funnyThere might also be a dragon with louver legs in my house but no one has ever seen it This language also shows that John is biding time with the court. If I where producing this play then I would have John laughing, looking around the court but no one else would be laughing. This could indicate that he is scared and is trying to laugh it of or this could be so he can think of more negatives about Abigail and prove that she is lying. John is also indiscreet as he tells Danforth about how Abigail laughed during Prayer she were twice this year put out of this meetin house for laughter during prayer John also shows that he is nasty as he calls Abigail a whore. because this proves that John Proctor wants to seek revenge on Abigail. Even though this makes Abigail sound like the victim she is not as she is the one who is making false allegations against honest, well respected members of the community. When John is presenting his own case to save his life he is like a hero and he is very brave. He tells Danforth what he actually thinks of him I see the boot of Lucifer, I see his dirty face, and it is my face and yours Danforth

Bones Restaurant

One wall Is covered entirely by a mirror, Glenn the mien that the addling room is a lot larger than it actually Is. There ar photographs hanging on the other walls of celebrities like Bob Hope, Being Crosby, and Danny Okay, and other known people like President George Bush, and President Ronald Reagan all of which have dined there. Although there is a tie requirement, the other dcord is not so much as to rag someone feel uncomfortable. It is rather ranch style, with Bull horn, and Mason Jar chandeliers, and rustic wood furniture.The menu has a diverse selection from pasta, chicken, lamb, pork, and of course what they are known for, the steaks and seafood. We decided to get two totally different options so that we could sample more of the menu. Sara decided on the Grilled Swordfish with braised Swiss chard. The Swordfish steak was a 1402. Steak, which is a large piece offish, and it was undoubtedly flavors. The Swiss chard, a green leafy vegetable, which was cooked in the oils of the Swordfish, Sara said was also delightfully tasteful. I am not one for vegetable of that nature so I did not try it myself.I ordered the Dry Aged Bone-Len Rib Eye, served with fresh pissed Asparagus. The Steak itself I can see why it has gotten such great ratings from food critics, it was cooked perfectly, and was pull apart with a fork tender. It had tons of natural flavors, along with the spices that they had rubbed on it before its final preparation. Although the prices may be a little rich, I believe that it is well worth it considering the flavor, the quantity, and quality of the food that you do receive. This brings me to the people at Bones Restaurant.As said before, as soon as you walk wrought the doors, you are greeted by smelling faces, and friendly attitudes. A reservation is a must so wait time is almost nothing. And the quality of Dana, the server that we had this wonderful evening was absolutely fantastic. Dana was friendly, helpful, and her knowledge of the menu w as impeccable. But not only was she great, everyone that walked by inquired and do sure that we were doing okay. The General Manager Emilee also came by to make sure everything was great. Both Male Ana Dana were very personable, Ana easy to talk to.Male even suggested places to go, and see later she found out that we were new to Atlanta. Our overall experience with Bones Restaurant is something that could be called awesome. It was definitely worth the three week wait list for reservations that we had to wait, and we even already have our name down for a future visit in September. Sara and I would recommend this establishment to anyone, and everyone that is planning to go to Atlanta. Bones Restaurant is one of the superior dining establishments that we have ever been to.

1st Merit List Bs English Uog

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT appoint Hafiz Hayat Campus Department Programme S Serial No. Form No. side of meat spoken language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 00066 00048 00053 00085 00043 00038 2-310 00015 00062 00031 00050 00019 00040 00034 00044 00046 00051 00026 00001 00020 10005 07560 10862 15496 03676 03915 07220 00072 03577 15509 16023 06683 12333 10969 13602 07927 18530 11985 10409 03302 06529 13930Mahmoor Ghani gallant D/o Ziad Ghani Sheikh Wajeeha Khawar D/o Khawar Mumtaz Malik Ayesha Zahoor D/o Zahoor Ahmad Maria Fayaz Malik D/o M Fayaz ul Haq Awan Zainab Amjed D/o Amjed Shah Hajab Binte Fayyaz D/o Fayyaz Ahmad Cheem Farwa Arooj D/o Muhammad Sharif Afifa Khalid D/o Khalid Iqbal Tooba Pervaiz D/o Pervaiz Ahmad Ifra Azmat D/o Muhammad Azmat Maryam Tariq D/o Tariq Mehmood Ayesha Zahid D/o Zahid Pervaiz Rafia Ejaz D/o Ejaz Ahmad Ruhma Ahmad D/o Sher Ahmad Tayyaba Jamil D/o Jamil Anjum Junaid Zaman S/o M Iqbal Farah Nasim D/o Muhammad Nasim Ch.Muhammad Tayyab Shehzad S/o Shafqat Ullah Atif Zia S/o Zia Ullah Noorul-Ain Liaquat D/o Liaquat Ali Humaira Chaudhry D/o Bashir Ahmed 75. 66 73. 86 72. 24 68. 94 68. 91 68. 61 67. 63 67. 49 66. 76 66. 54 66. 45 66. 17 65. 96 65. 78 65. 65 64. 85 64. 70 64. 69 64. 67 64. 25 63. 98 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) rogue 1 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat CampusDepartment Programme S Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 00003 00312 00068 00086 00055 00314 00047 00097 00037 00056 00096 00087 00313 00089 00033 00071 00016 00072 00017 00067 00059 07432 72356 16799 19225 18019 72358 10584 01747 13736 18058 18612 29332 72357 13212 13459 19452 03559 15971 15468 17707 17068Badar Zaman S/o Muhammad Zaman Zara Yousaf D/o Dr Muhammad Yousaf Saniha Khalid D/o Khalid Pervaiz Muhammad Arnan Ali S/o Sharafat Ali Muhammad Usman Gohar S/o Muhammad Ramzan Haroona Mahtab D/o Zafar Iqbal Bisma Mushtaq D/o Mushtaq Ahmed Ranjha Alina Muzafar D/o Muzafar Hussain Maria Kokab D/o Mushtaq Ahmad Khushbakht Shoaib D/o Muhammad Shoaib Khawaja Faiqa Andleeb D/o Zafar Iqbal M Omer Javaid S/o Ansar Javaid Aqsa Ehsan ul Haq D/o Ahsan ul Haq Ammara Ansar D/o Ansar Hayat Muhammad Hamed S/o Abdul Majid Farwa Tahira D/o Ali Asghar Saba Inam D/o Inam Ullah Khan Zainab Imtiaz Warrich D/o Imtiaz Khalid Warrich Tasmia Younas D/o Muhammad Younas Abdullah Amjad S/o Amjad Mahmood Shafaq Khalid D/o Khalid Mehmood Butt 63. 74 63. 41 63. 23 62. 58 62. 34 61. 83 61. 49 60. 81 60. 38 60. 32 60. 01 59. 67 59. 19 59. 17 59. 13 58. 93 58. 89 58. 82 58. 52 58. 40 58. 30 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 2 of 3 13 October, 2011 UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT 1ST MERIT LIST Hafiz Hayat Campus Department Programme S Serial No. Form No. English Language (02) BS (15) Applicant Information Marks (%) 43 44 45 4 6 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 00035 00095 00069 00088 00032 00027 00064 00094 00065 00073 00018 00090 00052 00049 00060 11833 21798 11178 20608 15219 15458 19561 21725 13763 19511 03783 16770 03557 16063 13499Sidra Qayyom D/o Abdul Qayyom Mehak Wasim D/o Babar Wasim Ather Syeda Zubaria Aqeel D/o Syed Aqeel Abbas M Saqlain Mukhtar S/o Mukhtar Ahmed Saba Nayab D/o Arshad Mahmood Hira Ahsan D/o Muhammad Ahsan Anum Nawaz D/o Muhammmad Nawaz Zunaira ch D/o Ch Salahuddin Syeda Samreen Jaffari D/o Syed Khaliq u Zaman Jaffari Saba Arshad D/o Muhammmad Arshad Ayesha Imtiaz D/o Muhammad Imtiaz Mughal Syeda Rizwana Sajad D/o Sajad Hussain Shah Sidra Naveed D/o Naveed Aslam Saba Asghar Paswal D/o M Asghar Paswal Shama Sahar D/o Riaz Ahmad 58. 19 57. 56 56. 69 56. 40 55. 99 55. 58 55. 46 55. 28 55. 25 54. 82 54. 71 53. 42 51. 68 51. 40 50. 52 Registrar UOG Information System (Admission Cell) Page 3 of 3 13 October, 2011

Management Planning and Ethics

First American Guard Services fraternity provides unique security services to whole our clients. To maximize on our services, the company operates round the clock to verify all the customers requirements atomic number 18 met. Our core values are innovations, competence and reliability. The company strives to offer fictional character services, professional development and high ethical standards. Our team is highly committed to understand customers expectations and solve all safety problems. The services offered not only volition they accommodate all the clients needs but also exceed their expectations. (Francesco, 2006)Organizational StructureFirst American Guard Services is made up of restricted and professional team. The company is under the Chief executive officer, the Vice president of company operations and Vice president of marketing and Finance. The Chief Executive police officer manages the whole company and holds the final word. The VP is in charge of departmental op erations and the second VP is in charge of marketing and finance.The planning Function of the ManagementTo ensure the smooth flow of all the activities within the company, the company has decided to embark on trouble planning and ethics plans to harmonize all the plans laid out. The centering leave alone streamline legitimate issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility and how it impacts the management and business planning. All the issues will erect proper communication, accountability and clear up the vision of all the plans. The corporate social responsibility will broaden the perspectives of communications at the corporate level within the management so that fit policies can be made. The management consists of the CEO, and the two VPs (Francesco, 2006)Legal issues are vital if any organization must perform well. The legal issues affect the management since they are responsible for laying out rules and regulations that staff members are expected to adhere to. First American Guard Companys management will mensurate all the processes to improve the performance of the management. The Chief executive will lead the team by initiating workshops and seminars whereby they will be exposed to management courses. The courses will enhance ethical standards and adhere to the law. (Francesco, 2006) Legal issues, ethical factors as well as corporate social responsible are interrelated since they affect performance of the management and ultimately output of the organization. (Francesco, 2006)Legally, there are rules stipulated by the law that businesses must follow. The rules consider the types of decisions and plans made at the management level. Some of the legal issues will determine the quality of services offered by First American, to ensure they meet the standards set by the law. Despite all the innovations, that the management hopes to come up with, they must be within the law. On the other hand, ethics are designed by the company, that is, enrol of ethics indicating the conduct and organizations expectations of all the employees. The ethical infrastructure will reliever the effective implementation of ethical responsibility and corporate strategies. (Francesco, 2006)The ethical training will be directed to the first American Guard service team, so that the members can make use of moral reasoning tools so that questions related to ethics and corporate activities are properly addressed. The image of the management relies on the code of ethics. Ethical standards set by the company are usually the crucial tools which enable the management carry out corporate, social and ethical responsibilities. The function in essence is beyond legal requirements. (Francesco, 2006)The corporate social responsibility will however consider the international standard as well as the surpass practices. (Francesco, 2006)ConclusionAccording to many writers, the social responsibility of any business must have ethical responsibilities. First American Gu ard Services Company has social responsibilities which will further be subdivided into ethical, legal and economic. In addition, the ethical responsibilities of the company are parallel to the legal issues. (Francesco, 2006) The management function will thereof revolve around harmonizing all the issues concerned, to ensure all the business plans, implementation adhere to the management function. This is because, all legal, social and ethical guidelines, determine the policies that the management will formulate and who the implementers will be. (Francesco, 2006)It is important to note that, most social responsibilities are not clear and are more or less an assortment of legal and moral responsibilities, vested interests and some moral ideals. This package however, inhibits the managements to consider other ethical responsibilities of the company. This means that if the company trades on ideals, corporate social responsibility myth diverts the caution from the duties of the manageme nt. (Francesco, 2006)ReferencesFrancesco, P. (2006) Developing Corporate Social Responsibility, Edward Elgar Publishing.

Pants

Systematic way of organizing and explaining observations B) hypothetical way of organizing and explaining characteristics of people C) systematic framework for creating a hypothesis based on data and investigateation D) framework based on ones psychological perspective 2. A hypothesis is best characterized as A) a procedure that precedes a conjectural framework B) any phenomenon that can change from one situation to a nonher C) a systematic way of organizing and explaining observations D) a tentative belief about the affinity between two or more variables .Variables that can be placed on a continuum, such as the degree of happiness or the get along of income, are referred to as A) dependent variables B) independent variables C) categorical variables D) continuous variables 4. Any variable that is comprised of groupings or classifications such that a person moldiness be in one group or another is referred to as a/an A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) categorical vari able D) continuous variable 5. I am running an experiment in which my participants have a drink and then drive a car. To look that I have good results, my participants shouldA) deform hard to drive well when in next in line B) be blind to the results C) be able to explain their observations D) have the same prefatorial procedure so as to minimize unintended variations 6. A subgroup of the population that is likely to be representative of the population as a whole is cognize as A) a culture B) a test C) a population D) a subculture 7. Good psychological research uses standardized procedures in order to A) secure sure that a representative sample is being used B) expose participants in a study to as similar procedures as possible C) ensure external validity D) ensure objectivity 8.In order to ensure that the findings obtained with your sample can be applied to the population, your study should involve which of the following? A) stratified sample of subjects B) external validity C) experimenters dilemma D) all of the above 9. A test that yields relatively similar scores for the same individual over time has which oneness of the following fibers of reliability? A) test-retest reliability B) integrate reliability C) interim reliability D) contextual reliability 10. If two or more individuals agree on many dimension and give a participant the same score, then that study possesses A) test-retest reliability 1.Validity is present when A) the test measures what it is supposed to measure B) mensuration reflects truth C) measurement reflects theory correctly D) the test measures the same way each time 12. With regard to prospect validity, which of the following is true? A) face validity refers to whether or not the measure looks like it measures what it purports to measure B) many researchers go out of their way to make sure their scale does not have face validity C) face validity is the least important type of validity 13.One of the best ways to obtain an acc urate assessment off variable is A) with face validity B) done central reliability C) by using multiple measures D) by using a representative sample 14. Which one of the following is NOT a type of descriptive research? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) survey D) correlation study 15. A case study is A) a survey of a persons likes and dislikes B) generalize with little effort C) the study of one individual in great depth D) appropriate for small groups 16.Possible limitations of the case-study method include A) investigator virgule B) small sample size C) lack of generalization 17. The major problem with survey methods is that A) most people dont want to talk about themselves B) it is hard to top dog people in their natural environments C) they rely on participants to report on themselves truthfully and accurately D) all of the above 18. Before an experiment begins, the participant must agree to participate in the study.In other words, the participant must provide A) su bstantial knowledge B) informed consent C) debriefing D) ethical knowledge 19. question a subject means A) you briefly explain what will happen in the experiment before you begin B) you explain the purpose of the study and get through any stressful after effects after the artificial is finished C) you have the subject sign a document agreeing to be in the experiment D) you run through the experiment quickly with a participant for practice before you begin collecting data 20.I find that there is a +. 59 correlation between shoe size and intelligence. What can I correctly conclude? A) Having a bigger shoe size causes you to be more intelligent. B) be more intelligent causes you to have bigger feet and, thus, a bigger shoe size. C) Exercise stimulates both physical developing (resulting in bigger feet) and intellectual growth (resulting in higher intelligence levels). D) Shoe size and

A Social Family Institution in India

Location India has an compass of approximately 3,287,580 sq. kilometers. It serves as a border to the Bay of Bengal the Indian Ocean, and to the Arabian Sea located to its west. forthwith north of India ar the Himalayas, the worlds biggest mountain range. India also serves as a neighbor to some(prenominal) different countries. Myanmar and Bangladesh located to its east, China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, Sri Lanka to the South, and finally Afghanistan and Pakistan on the northwest.Topography India is separated into 4 main regions, these are the Ganges, Indus Plains, Desert z unmatched, and the grey Peninsula. Physiologically India is divided ten times.A aged male usually heads families in India. In the senior males household a family can be precise large. The senior males family can complicate his unmarried children, married children alongside their wives and kids, unmarried younger brothers and sisters, and married brothers with their wives and children. It is common how ever for families to separate erst the father dies. This idea of family is true for some(prenominal) nuclear family and extended family.As already stated above the size of a typical Indian family is very large. The senior male is responsible for providing the financial financial aid to the family while his wife takes care of the house. She assigns chores to all of the females in the household. The Elderly are taken care upon affectionately by their family members.The pairing traditions in India induce been in existence for a very long time. The clear a long and important set of rules that are carefully followed by most. A marriage formation is a big responsibility for the parents of both the female and male. A marriage is arranged based earlier on religion, family wealth, and the hope for a good biological reproduction.Marriages in India are no different than in most of the countries around the world. It is a very special event for the bride and grooms family and friends. F or both the male and the female marriage is a big change not only socially but mentally as well. more all over once married is one and only(a) truly considered to bring forth made the transition to adulthood. Married couples display a strong for male children. Males are desired more because of financial contribution the may supply for the family. Girls on thew other hand are some times viewed as very big liabilities, The more one has the more liable one is. They are viewed as very expensive to support and require very expensive dowries once they are married. Families that have many girls and very few or no males are in great danger of experiencing financial disaster.The roles played by males and females in the Indian society have a very strong presence. Their roles have changed very little in the withstand couple of decades. Males are the dominant sex in the society. Females have very little power or control over their lives. The males main role is to provide financial stability .Indias educational system is one that is very similar to that held by the British. It consists of five levels of education. Level one is preprimary, followed by primary (which in the American system would equal grades 1-5), middle class (middle school), secondary (9 and 10 grades), and finally higher levels (11 and 12 grades). India s governances is currently working very hard to make the stacks education a top priority. The Indian government supplies the people with free education, even with free education only about half of the children attend school. It is viewed by the Indian people that it is more important for the males to attend school than it is for the females. Out of the 50 Indian universe is illiterate, 66% of these are females.Higher education in India is not very big. Out of all of the people that attend primary and secondary education less than 10% go on to higher education. Its popularity however is increasing greatly compared to past years. Indias collegiate syste m is divided into trio. One of these three types is the religious college. These are colleges found by politicians and by wealthy families. They did this in order to gain popularity amongst the people. government colleges constitute the second type these are colleges that are found on the outskirts of big cities. They lack cloak-and-dagger investments and are therefor founded by the government. The third type is called Professional colleges. These are colleges that mainly receive both government and private aid. Professional colleges are the beset of colleges to study carriers such as medicine, engineering etc.2-India Literacy rate is very high in numbers but very low in percentages. They have over 400 million people that can read but this constitutes only about 56% of the population.1- India runs its government under a constitution created in 1949. The president of India is elected by the parliament and serves a term of five years. The Prime Minster of India is also a very powe rful man in this country. It is say that he has more power than the president. Lok Sabah, otherwise know as the Lower House of Parliament is controlled by the ministers. The federal Parliament consists of no more than 250 members. The President appoints twelve of them and most of the others are appointed by their state. The Lower House has no more than 545 members. Just like the president they serve terms that last fore five years. In case of a national emergency the president can knock over any state government.

Human Impacts on Climate Essay

Al Gores documentary An Inconvenient Truth is not just at one time informative but an eye opener especially for those living in the United States. Today global warming is not an obscure phenomenon but a macrocosm that is existence faced by everyone from Africa to Australia. hu universekinds actions are now more(prenominal) than ever before are changing the mood of Earth. These actions feed to fixs which combine with the natural occurrences which have been taking place in history.In addition evidence from scientific research shows that natural strikes alone cannot be blamed for the increase in the global progress temperatures recorded in the past century. Mans effect on Earths climate has several consequences like Escalating concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere Air pollution dumbness of airborne particles Changes in land geology The major problem is the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere cannot be compared historically as the levels today are much higher then ever before, the exception being when earth was hit by a meteorite etc.the changes and the increase in carbon dioxide have been witnessed since the modernization and industrialization which began in the 1700s however the worst impact has been since fossil fuels were used excessively from the branch of 1900 and this also led to change in the use of land. (American Geophysical Union) Al Gore, through statistics shows that there is a direct relationship amid the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the air and the increase in climatic temperatures.Historically the first impact of the human presence on Earths geographic and biological systems occurred about 8,000 years ago, when individuals began to systematically cultivate land for agricultural purposes. However the initial impact was not as severe or drastic as the one which occurred in the 1700s. The industrial alteration has been supported and encouraged by the values which have led to glorifying consumpti on and economic development. (American Geophysical Union)It is a fact that this planet is heating up because of the human society and the greenhouse gases produced. According to the both The discipline Academy of Sciences and the United Nation have come to the conclusion that there is a relationship between human actions and the temperature increases. (Clark 1013) According a joint statement by G8 in addition to China, India and Brazil, that stated that scientific evidence was quite remarkable and there was no way for the nations but to take actions to stop this destruction. (Clark 1013)The reality is that if people keep on emitting greenhouse gases at this rate, atmospheric temperatures will keep on increasing, and the effect will be felt for generations in future. According to even strict actions like Kyoto Protocol whitethorn be able to control the increasing carbon dioxide after a centaury at the minimum. According to Clark (1013) explore on ice cores by Fedorov et al. (2005) detailing the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature going back more then 400, 000 years has displayed that there is a strong correlation between carbon dioxide and temperatures.Studies show that historically there was never a time when there was so much carbon dioxide as now in addition the increase in carbon dioxide concentration has increased most rapidly in the past hundred years or so. (Clark 1014) In a news report on field of study Geographic in February, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) very assertively linked the mans actions being responsible for the global warming and other climatic changes like increase in sea levels, storms and changing weather patterns.The report quotes Achim Steiner, executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, comment that fogy fuel use, agriculture, and land-use change are fundamentally affecting the systems on our planet (Roach) What Al Gore has do is just point out the facts in a simple style thro ugh his documentary so that general s can understand what is happening and do something about this very significant problem. industrial plant CitedHuman Impacts on Climate. American Geophysical Union. Adopted by Council December, 2003. AGU Release 03-35. Retrieved May 1 2007

Leadership on The Line Essay

Recognizing the evolving definition and requirements of booster cablehip, Heifetz Ronald and Linsky (2002) highlight the need for leadership to consider the skills and position to ensure their legalness. Leadership, as illustrated in Leadership on The LineStaying alive through the Dangers of Leading? requires not only the accomplishment of goals scarce overly the ability to respond effectively to the hu gentlemans gentleman realities of working in an brass instrument. The books three parts provide steps in recognizing leadership challenges, rearing responses and interventions and what competencies leaders moldiness develop professionally and personally.Marginalization, diversion, attack and seduction are identified as the main sources of resistance to leaders. At the corresponding time, the authors also pay particular attention to the dangers within the leadership characterized as hunger for power and condition and the punishingies in self-monitoring. The authors want to communicate to readers that there is a need for leaders to purse the cultivation of their leadership skills. Despite the use of figurative characterizations in the book, the authors are practical and pragmatic in their discussion. The examples given, particularly in the Response section of the book is based on real life examples.Examples which the readers can easily revive directly to or parallel to their own give birth. The authors point out that the sources of resistance are natural to either leadership scenario and therefore can not be fully stopped and in fact, can also be safeguard against ineffective leadership However, they fork over to control through resistance-response skills which in turn allows leaders to function as they are needed. Critique There is no doubt that leadership is a difficult challenge. Thus, there has been no limitation of the number of lit that aim to develop strategies and competencies for it.Unlike most literature in its genre that focuses on the development of attributes for effective leadership to become a leader, Ronald and Linsky discuss the development of leadership when one already holds office. The authors aim to provide a literature or guide to leaders who are already experiencing challenges in their roles due to a change in working scenarios or relationships. From the scene of Heifetz and Linsky, what has become more critical for leaders to day has been the ability to go beyond their functions and respond to otherwise people and at the same time eliciting a response from them.Thus, beyond achieving goals set members, of the organization must understand why these goals are being pursued, that people need to know that the stakes are worth(predicate) it (p. 94). At the same time, Heifetz and Linsky state that before any action can be take to cite threats to effective leadership, leaders must be able to understand the heart of the issues before recognizing the actions, indications or faces find the threats. The ma in message of the book is the need for leaders not just to be competent, sensitive or responsive.They also must understand the their motivations for being so, the stances that can be taken, the methods that can be most effective and the implications of any perspective, opinion or action to be taken. Empathizing with the natural isolation of being the top man of an organization there should be an acceptance that there will be member of the organization who would bring down the clarity of his vision, delay his progress, and divert him from his core purposes (p. 76). Thus, leaders while being advocated to be sensitive to their organization have to balance this with their resolve to accomplish organization goals.Leaders should be then prepared to be questioned, doubted and even maligned for their decisions. Heifetz and Linsky reflect that leaders often view these are criticisms to their professional and personal capacity but they should also understand that these reactions, even when t hey are deliberate and malicious, occur as part of the dynamics leading and organizations. Reading the book, one of the most unique ideas that Heifetz and Linsky present, absent from most of the leadership literature that I have read, is the concept of pain and leadership. The authors views are ones that one can easily agree and even commiserate to.The intuition of the fact that effective leadership has its pains and not just costs, both to the leader and the organization, is a perspective that makes the work effective and truly emphatic to the challenges of leadership. The view that leadership challenges, or resistance, is an ever present part in any organization does not discourage readers but actually motivates them to deal with them rather than laborious to circumvent them. However, it should also be recognized that some of the examples or ideas presented may require significant experience to be understood comprehensively.This is a particular challenge in the last section of the book where the authors pin down the introspective requirements for leaders. Nonetheless, the book provides critical insights to the realities of leadership and not just what it should be. More importantly, it is effective in motive readers view leadership as continuing process of development and that there is a need to actively pursue effectiveness. Reference Heifetz, Ronald A. and Linsky, Marty (2002). Leadership on The LineStaying alive through the Dangers of Leading, 1st Edition. Boston Harvard descent School Press.

Adlerian Theory and Models of Counseling Essay

The separate aspects that add up to the entire sum of what each individual words into developed the basis of Adlerian Theory. This paper will address the society between Adlerian theory and early psychodynamic theory and contemporary family systems. Adlers greatest contribution to modern psychological science will be included. The important influences on temperament development that Adler thought important will be discussed. A treatment plan from an Adlerian approach will be used to respond to Darnell, a cases human face at that is correlated with this class.Adlers IdeasAlfred Adler was a follower of Freud but separated himself to develop his own school of soulfulness Psychology. He thought that Freuds views were too strongly influence by sexual instincts. Alfred Adler theory looked at how a person is influenced by his or her social urges and conscious thought, not every thing being influenced by sexual urges and the unconscious (Cervone & Pervin, 2010). Adlerian theory has an emphasis in birth direct, social interests, and individuals lifestyle, along with the creations of inferiority and superiority as key components in the personality development. Much of Adlerian theory is establish in socialistic ideology. Alfred Adler professed to be influenced by Karl Marx and much of his theory contains the inspirations from this type of ideology. Adler thought that psychological health is measured and determined by a persons level of social contribution and the hit received to the community for the greater good (Hunter, n.d.). Social contribution is increased through the reduction of infatuated beliefs, which frequently lead to maladaptive feelings of inferiority or superiority. This goal of combating false beliefs is attained through an sense of family constellations, early memories, and dreams Hunter (n.d.).Adlers Contributions to PsychologyAlfred Adler founded the Society of Individual Psychology in 1912. The authors perspective believes that Adlers gre atest contribution to modern psychology is the suggestion that every person has a sense of inferiority. Early in childhood individuals officiate at trying to overcome their inferiority by asserting their superiority over others. Adlers thoughts of striving for superiority was a concept that he believed to be a motivating force behind human behaviors, along with their thoughts and emotions (Alfred Adlers Contributions, n.d.). This was known as the concept of the inferiority labyrinthian.Adler overly contributed to psychology with his theory of position at heart the family system and the influence of birth order (University of Phoenix, 2013). The Adlerian theory states that a persons lifestyle is comprised of quaternity attributes are self-concept, self-ideal, picture of the world, and ethical convictions (University of Phoenix, 2013). Adler also explored the family constellation and an individuals relationship, early recollections, and the level of dominant or inferior role in t hat family system.Adlerian Theory for Case AnalysisDarnell Yardley is the subject of this case study. Darnell is a 25-year-old African American College student referred for commission by his academic advisor. Darnell has an athletic build, is well dressed and clean-shaven. He is reporting feelings of depression, anxiety, aloneness, and uncertainty with regard to line of achievement goals. His appearance is incongruent with his responses (University of Phoenix, 2013).Adlerian counseling would look at the influences on personality development for Darnell. The fact that Darnell was the youngest of four children and he was the only male child would be influential. Adlerian would look at the family constellation that Darnell grew up in. He describes his childhood as chaotic, with numerous fights. His father an electrical engineer was aloof, distant and very responsible. His mother was a nurse described as caring, but frequently overwhelmed and too stressed to provide for the children s take (University of Phoenix, 2013). Adlerian theory addresses early recollections, which for Darnell are traumatic and damaging. Darnellsearly memories of his father coming home from work after a demotion and said to him You are really dumb. Why cant you be analogous your sisters? This occurred after he received a C on a math test. He had a closer relationship with his mother but remembers yelling at her when she was drunk. Darnell remembers many nights where he would cry himself to stillness as a child (University of Phoenix, 2013).The outline for the strategy of applying Adlerian models in counseling Darnell would consist of specifics within the edge of therapy. The therapist client relationship would be established. The regale of therapy would explore the individual family of origin and the dynamics within that family. The client would discuss the feelings surrounding nigh of the early childhood recollections. The therapist would encourage the client with some self-unders tanding and insight regarding some of the issues discussed. The therapist would encourage the client to see there role in these events and so encourage them to re-orientate themselves as an adult and his or her own personal sense of fulfillment (University of Phoenix, 2013).A sartor made treatment plan for Darnell Yardley using Adlerian perspective would consists of certain goals for Darnell to work toward. The therapist would suggest that Darnell look at his premise and life goals. The therapist may challenge Darnells perspective in this process and have him inspect the things he has developed negative or inferior methods of viewing and thinking nigh something and show him a different approach. The therapist would encourage Darnell to develop some social goals. Such as he is complaining of being lonely, the therapist would have him join a club or release involved in team sport on campus and begin developing friendships. The therapist would challenge his loneliness with the thoug hts of your lonely because you are alone. To have a friend you need to be a friend. This would also develop Darnells sense of belonging as he stated, I feel alive and needed on the football field. The therapist would encourage Darnell that if playing football makes you feel happy and needed why not do it even if you are not doing it professionally.In conclusion, Alfred Adler was a therapist who was ahead of his time. Hisapproach was moot and the sense of community made his theories seem less scientific in an empirical sense, rather more of a collection of his personal views. In a positive reflection the concept of the inferiority complex and an individuals self worthy can be strengthened and increase from the fostering of a group. The importance of what teamwork can impart on the strengthening a persons self worth and a sense of belonging to a group can be a strong motivator toward positive change. The treatment plan for Darnell and Adlers approach to family systems and group co hesion would be beneficial for relieving many of his reported issues.ReferencesAlfred Adlers Contributions. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/alfred-adler.htmCervone, D., & Pervin, L.A. (2010). Personality theory and research (11th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Hunter, C. (n.d.). Adlerian Therapy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.christiehunter.com/personality/alderian-therapy.htmUniversity of Phoenix. (2013). Week Five Faculty Notes. Retrieved from University of Phoenix,CCMH/506 Personality Theories and counselor-at-law Models websiteUniversity of Phoenix. (2013). Expert Theory Case Analysis. Retrieved from University ofPhoenix, CCMH/506 Personality Theories and Counseling Models website .

Basel Norms in India

Ch allenges In India ver since its mental institution in 1988, metropolis adequacy proportionality has become an important benchmark to assess the pecuniary specialisation and sapience of coin banks. It has been successful in enhancing competitive competentity by ensuring level playing theatre for banks of unlike subjectity. A survey conducted for 129 countries participating in the ninth International Conference of Banking Supervision showed that in 1996, to a greater extent than than 90% of the 129 countries applied Basel-like find weighted metropolis adequacy extremity.Reserve Bank of India introduced take a chance as slumps ratio carcass as a crownwork adequacy measure in 1992, in line with the detonator bar musical arrangement introduced by the Basel delegation in 1988, which takes into account the seek element in conglomerate types of funded equipoise carpenters plane items as well as non-funded off-balance sheet word pictures. upper lesson adequacy ra tio is c atomic digit 18ful on the basis of unlike degrees of jeopardy weights attri b belyed to different types of assets. As per current rbi guidelines, Indian banks are infallible to achieve cracking adequacy ratio of 9% (as against the Basel commissioning stipulation of 8%). E Swapan BakshiImplementation of Basel II has been described as a long journey rather than a address by itself. RBI has determined to follow a consultative bidding while implementing Basel II norms and move in a gradual, consequent and co-ordinated manner. BASEL CAPITAL ACCORD However, the amaze arrangement has been criticized as being inflexible referable to strain on primarily honorable mention danger and treating all types of borrowers nether one lay on the line form disregarding of conviction valuation. The major criticism against the existing award stems from its ? Broad-brush barbel irrespective of quality of expect company or credit ?Encouraging regulative arbitrage by ch erry picking ? leave out of incentives for credit assay mitigation techniques ? Not c overing useable jeopardy Moreover, years gravel passed since the gate of the portray accord. The line of products of banking, try counsel practices, supervisory approaches and pecuniary securities industry places contain undergone significant trans carcassation since then. Therefore, the Basel mission on Banking Supervision thought it desirable that the present accord is fill ind by a more chance-sensitive mannikin. The current-sprung(prenominal) accord aims to overcome the anomalies of the present system.It emphasizes on banks accept indwelling systemologies, supervisory round and market written report. (The author is a member of the Institute. He can be r apieceed at emailprotected co. in THE hire control 426 OCTOBER cc4 BASEL II The virgin aim is base on trio mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and supervisors to guess mightily the various risks that ba nks face and aline regulative dandy more closely with underlying risks. individually of these three pillars has risk mitigation as its central plank. The parvenue risk sensitive approach seeks to modulate the guard and soundness of the industry by focussing on ? ? more elabo put than the current accord. It proposes, for the first of all time, a measure for operational risk, while the market risk measure remains unchanged. The raw proposal is found on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and supervisors to evaluate by rights the various risks that banks face and realign regulatory cap more closelyThe Second Pillar with underlying risks. supervisory review article mould Supervisory polish process has been introduced to ensure not however that banks have adequate p for each oney to support all the risks, but also to encourage them o suffer and go for better risk way techniques in supervise and managing their risks. Pillar III The process has food market four key princi shed light on ples a) Banks should have a process for assessing their e actuallyday peachy adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for observe their cap levels. b) Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal detonating device adequacy discernment and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory detonating device ratios. ) Supervisors should expect banks to live on supra the tokenish regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to subscribe to banks to exact capital in intemperance of the minimum. d) Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early ramification to prevent capital from falling to a commence place minimum level and should gestate rapid remedial action if capital is not mentioned or restored. guess establish capital (Pillar 1) gamble based supervision (Pillar 2) peril manifestation to enforce market discipline (Pillar 3) Basel II Framework Pil lar I Minimum upper-case letter demands Pillar II Supervisory Review Process The First Pillar Minimum Capital RequirementsThe first pillar sets out minimum capital requirement. The crude cloth maintains minimum capital requirement of 8% of risk assets. low the new accord capital adequacy ratio belong be measured as under Total capital (unchanged) = (Tier I+Tier II+Tier III) find Weighed Assets = Credit risk + foodstuff risk + operative risk (Tier III capital has not yet been introduced in India. ) Basel II focuses on im foundment in measuring stick of risks. The revised credit risk measuring rod orders are The Third Pillar mart Discipline market discipline imposes strong incentives to banks to conduct their business in a safe, sound and effective manner.It is proposed to be realised through and through a series of revelation requirements on capital, risk word-painting etc. so that market participants can assess a banks capital adequacy. These disclosures should be m ade at least(prenominal) semi-annually and more frequently if appropriate. Qualitative disclosures such as risk management objectives and policies, comments etc. may be produce annually. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 427 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II Timeframe for Implementation The Basel committal first released the proposal to replace the 1988 accord with a more risk sensitive manakin in June 1999, on which more than 200 comments were received.Reflecting on those comments the Committee presented a more concrete proposal in January 2001 seeking more comments from bear oned parties. The triad consultative paper was released in April 2003. Furthermore Credit the Committee conducted three Assessment decimal wedge studies to assess the impact of the new proposals. Sovereign (Govt. Thereafter, the final version of the & Central Bank) New comply has been occasion on Claims on Banks June 26, 2004, which is designed to Option 1 establish minimum level of capital for internationally p articipating banks.The Option 2a new framework is to be made Option 2b applicable from 2006 eat up. The more ripe(p) approaches depart be impleCorporates mented by the end of year 2007. COMPUTATION OF CAPITAL REQUIREMENT Capital Requirement for Credit risk of infection The New deal provided for the following alternative methods for computing capital requirement for credit risk Credit luck The interchangeable court The regulate approach is conceptually the analogous as the present accord, but is more risk sensitive. The bank allocates a risk weight to from each one of its assets and off-balance sheet lines and produces a sum of riskweighted asset value.A risk weight of 100% means that an exposure is embarrass in the calculation of risk weighted assets value, which translates into a capital Credit chance fool refer to 9% of that value. Individual risk weight currently depends on the broad category of borrower (i. e. main(a), banks or corporates). Under the new accord, the risk weights are to be refined by reference to a rate provided by an outer credit judicial decision institution (such as evaluation agency) that meets strict standards. Proposed Risk Weight slacken abdominal aortic aneurysm to A+ to BBB+ AAA- to BBB0% 20% 50% BB+ to B100% Below Unrated Bcl% 100% 20% 20% 20% 20% 50% 50% 20% 50% 100% 50% 20% 100% 00% 100% 50% to 150% 150% 150% 150% 100% 50% 20% 100% Option 1 = Risk weights based on risk weight of the country Option 2a = Risk weight based on assessment of unmarried bank Option 2b = Risk weight based on assessment of individual banks with claims of original maturity of less than 6 months. retail Portfolio (subject to bye criteria) 75% Claims secured by residential keeping 35% Non-performing assets If item provision is less than 20% 150% If specific provision is more than 20% 100% The Committee has not proposed significant change in respect of off-balance Sheet items however for committal to extend credit.The Internal mil itary rating base Approach (IRB) Under the IRB approach, banks impart be allowed by the supervisors to use their internal estimates of risk components to assess credit risk in their portfolios, subject to strict methodological and disclosure standards. A bank estimates each borrowers credi iirthiness and the results are translated into estimates of a future potential handout amount, which form the basis of minimum capital requirements. The risk components include measures of ? standardized Approach Internal Rating ground approach Securitization Framework Foundation IRB Advanced IRB prospect of oversight (PD), THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 428 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II ? ? ? acquittance given over nonremittal (LGD), Exposure At Default (EAD) and Effective Maturity (M) standardized approach under the securitization framework. Similarly, banks that have received approval to use IRB approach for the type of underlying exposure, must use the IRB approach for the securitization. The differ ences in the midst of foundation IRB and move IRB have been captured in the following table Data Input Probability of Default Foundation IRB Provided by bank based on declare estimates Capital Charge for Market RiskAlthough the Basel Committee issued Amendment to the Capital Accord to incorporate Market Risks in 1996, RBI as an interim measure, sensible banks to lay an additional risk weight of 2. 5% on the entire investment portfolio. RBI feels that over the years, banks ability to identify and measure market risk has improved and in that locationfore, decided to assign yield capital management for market risk in a phased manner over a cardinal year period as under -. Advanced IRB Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimates press release Supervisory values set give Default by the Committee Exposure at Default Effective Maturity Supervisory values set by th e Committee Supervisory values set by the Committee Or At the national discretion, provided by bank based on own estimates The IRB approach is based on measures of unpredicted Loss (UL) and Expected Loss (EL). While capital requirement provides for UL portion, EL component is taken economic aid of by provisioning. Securitization Framework Banks must apply the securitization framework for determining regulatory capital requirement on exposure arising from securitization.Banks that apply the standardized approach to credit risk for the underlying exposure, must use the a. Banks would be indigenceed to maintain capital perpetration up for market risk in respect of their traffic appropriate exposure (including derivatives) by March 2005. b. Banks would be needful to maintain capital charge for market risk in respect of securities under available for sale category by March 2006. Market Risk Approaches Market Risk Standardized Approach Internal Model Based approach Maturity Based epoch Based RBI has issued detailed guidelines for computation of capital charge on Market Risk in June 2004.The guidelines seek to address the issues involved in com- THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 429 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II puting capital charge for lodge in rate related instruments in the trading book, equities in the trading book and foreign interchange risk (including gilt and precious metals) in two trading and banking book. art book will include Securities include under the Held for Trading category Securities included under the Available for Sale category ? assailable gold position limits ? Open foreign exchange position limits ? Trading position in derivatives and derivatives entered into for hedgerow trading book exposures.As per the guidelines, minimum capital requirement is expressed in terms of two one by one figure charges a. Specific Risk and b. General Market Risk Specific Risk Capital charge for specific risk is designed to protect against an adverse movement i n hurt of an individual earnest collectable to ingredients related to individual issuer. This is similar to credit risk. The specific risk charges are divided into various categories such as investments in Govt securities, claims on Banks, investments in mortgage backed securities, securitized papers etc. nd capital charge for each category specified. General Market Risk Capital charge for general market risk is designed to capture the risk of loss arising from changes in market pastime rates. The Basel Committee suggested two broad methodologies for computation of capital charge for market risk, i. e. , Standardized Method and Internal Risk focussing Model Method. As Banks in India are still in a nascent stage of under essential internal risk management models, in the guidelines, it is proposed that to start with, the Banks may lift out the Standardized Method.Again, under Standardized Method, there are two principle methods for measuring market risk maturity method and e ra method. As duration method is a more accurate method of measuring interest rate risk, RBI prefers that Banks measure all of their general market risk by calculating the price sensitiveness (modified duration) of each position separately. For this purpose detailed mechanics to be followed, time bands, assumed changes in leave etc. have been provided by RBI. Capital Charge for Equities Capital charge for specific risk will be 9% of the Banks gross equity position. The general market risk charge will also be 9%.Thus the Bank will have to maintain capital equal to 18% of investment in equities (twice the present minimum requirement). Capital Charge for Foreign alternate Risk ? ? Foreign exchange open position and gold open position are at present risk weighted at 100%. Capital charge for foreign exchange and gold open position would continue to be computed at 9% as hitherto. Risk Aggregation The capital charge for specific risk, general market risk and equity and forex position wi ll be added up and the issue figure will be multiplied by 11. 11 (inverse of 9%) to arrive at the speculative risk weighted assets.Capital Charge for Operational Risk The Basel Committee has defined the Operational Risk as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from international events. This definition includes licit risk but excludes strategic and reputational risk. The objective of the operational risk management is to reduce the expect operational losses using a set of key risk indicators to measure and control risk on continuous basis and provide risk capital on operational risk for ensuring monetary soundness of the Bank. Operational Risk Approaches Operational RiskBasic Indicator Approach Standardized Approach Advanced measuring stick Approach Basic Indicator Approach Under the basic indicator approach, Banks are required to hold capital for operational risk equal to the average over the previous three years of a resolute percentage (15% denoted as alpha) of annual gross income. Gross income is defined as net interest income incontrovertible net non-interest income, excluding realized profit/losses from the sale of securities in the banking book and extraordinary and secondment items. Standardized Approach Under the standardized approach, banks activities are divided into eight business lines.Within each business line, gross income is considered as a broad indicator for the likely exfoliation of operational risk. Capital charge for each business line is calculated by multiplying gross income by a factor (denoted beta) assigned to THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 430 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II This partly explains the current trend of consolidation in the banking industry. favourableness Competition among banks for highly rated corporates needing dismount amount of capital may exert pressure on already thinning interest spread. Further, huge carrying out cost may also impact positivity for small b anks.Risk Management Architecture The new standards are an amalgam of international best practices and calls for introduction of advanced risk management system with wider application throughout the organization. It would be a daunting task to create the required level of technological architecture and human skill across the institution. Rating Requirement Although there are a few credit rating agencies in India the level of rating penetration is very low. A study revealed that in 1999, out of 9640 borrowers enjoying fund-based working capital facilities from banks only 300 were rated by major agencies.Further, rating is a lagging indicator of the credit risk and the agencies have poor track drop in this respect. There is a possibility of rating blackmail through unsolicited rating. Moreover rating in India is restricted to issues and not issuers. Encouraging rating of issuers would be a challenge. Choice of Alternative Approaches The new framework provides for alternative approa ches for computation of capital requirement of various risks. However, competitive favour of IRB approach may lead to domination of this approach among big banks. Banks adopting IRB approach will be more sensitive than those adopting standardized approach.This may result in high-risk assets flowing to banks on standardized approach as they would require lesser capital for these assets than banks on IRB approach. Hence, the system as a whole may maintain abase capital than warranted and become more vulnerable. It is to be considered whether in our quest for perfect standards, we have lost the only universally accepted standard. Absence of Historical Database Computation of probability of default, loss given default, migration mapping and supervisory establishment require creation of historical database, which is a time consuming process and may require sign support from the supervisor.Incentive to Remain Unrated In case of unrated sovereigns, banks and corporates the appointive risk weight is 100%, whereas in case of those entities with lowest ratting, the risk weight is 150%. This may create incentive for the category of counterparties, which cry lower rating to remain unrated. Supervisory Framework Implementation of The final version of the New Accord has been published on June 26, 2004, which is designed to establish minimum level of capital for internationally active banks. The new framework is to be made applicable from 2006 end.The more advanced approaches will be implemented by the end of year 2007. that business line. Total capital charge is calculated as the three-year average of the childly summations of the regulatory capital across each of the business line in each year. The values of the betas prescribed for each business line are as under Business Line Corporate finance Trading and sales Retail banking Commercial banking Payment and settlement Agency services Asset management Retail brokerage Beta Factor 18% 18% 12% 15% 18% 15% 12% 12%Adva nced Measurement Approach Under advanced measurement approach, the regulatory capital will be equal to the risk measures generated by the banks internal risk measurement system using the prescribed quantitative and qualitative criteria. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES While there is no second reliance regarding the purpose, fatality and usefulness of the proposed new accord the techniques and methods suggested in the consultative document would pose considerable implementational challenges for the banks especially in a developing country like India.Capital Requirement The new norms will almost forever sum up capital requirement in all banks across the senesce. Although capital requirement for credit risk may go down due to adoption of more risk sensitive models such advantage will be more than offset by additional capital charge for operational risk and increase capital requirement for market risk. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 431 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II Basel II norms will prove a challengi ng task for the bank supervisors as well.Given the paucity of supervisory resources there is a need to orientate the resource deployment strategy. Supervisory cadre has to be properly trained for understanding of critical issues for risk indite of supervised entities and validating and guiding development of complex IRB models. Corporate Governance Issues Basel II proposals emphasise the fundamental interaction between sound risk management practices and corporate good governance. The banks board of directors has the obligation for setting the basic tolerance levels for various types of risk.It should also ensure that management establishes a framework for assessing the risks, develop a system to relate risk to the banks capital levels and establish a method for monitoring compliance with internal policies. National Discretion Basel II norms set out a number of areas where national supervisor will need to determine the specific definitions, approaches or thresholds that wish to adopt in implementing the proposals. The criteria used by supervisors in making these determinations should draw upon domestic market practice and set about and be consistent with the objectives of Basel II norms.Disclosure Regime Pillar 3 purports to enforce market discipline through stricter disclosure requirement. While admitting that such disclosure may be useful for supervisory authorities and rating agencies the expertness and ability of the general public to comprehend and interpret disclosed development is open to question. Moreover, alike frequently disclosure may cause information overload and may even damage financial position of bank. Disadvantage for Smaller Banks The new framework is very complex and difficult to understand.It calls for revamping the entire management information system and allocation of substantial resources. Therefore, it may be out of reach for many small banks. As Moodys Investors Services puts it, It is unlikely that these banks will have t he financial resources, intellectual capital, skills and life-size scale commitment that larger competitors have to build sophisticated systems to allocate regulatory capital optimally for two credit and operational risks. Discriminatory against Developing Countries Developing counties have high concentration of lower rated borrowers. The calibration of IRB has lesser incentives to lend to such borrowers. This, alongwith withdrawal of uniform risk weight of 0% on sovereign claims may result in overall reduction in lending by internationally active banks in developing countries and increase their cost of borrowing.Although the Basel Committee issued Amendment to the Capital Accord to incorporate Market Risks in 1996, RBI as an interim measure, advised banks to assign an additional risk weight of 2. 5% on the entire investment portfolio. External and Internal Auditors The working Group set up by the Basel Committee to look into implemetational issues observed that supervisors may w ish to involve third parties, such a external auditors, internal auditors and consultants to assist them carrying out some of the duties under Basel II.The precondition is that there should be a suitably developed national accounting and auditing standards and framework, which are in line with the best international practices. A minimum qualifying criteria for firms should be those that have a dedicated financial services or banking division that is properly researched and have proven ability to respond to training and upgrades required of its own staff to complete the tasks adequately.With the implementation of the new framework, internal auditors may become increasingly involved in various processes, including validation and of the accuracy of the data inputs, review of activities performed by credit functions and assessment of a banks capital assessment process. outcome Implementation of Basel II has been described as a long journey rather than a destination by itself. Undoubt edly, it would require commitment of substantial capital and human resources on the part of both banks and the supervisors.RBI has decided to follow a consultative process while implementing Basel II norms and move in a gradual, sequential and co-ordinated manner. For this purpose, dialogue has already been initiated with the stakeholders. As envisaged by the Basel Committee, the accounting profession too, will make a compulsive contribution in this respect to make Indian banking system stronger. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 432 OCTOBER 2004Basel Norms in IndiaChallenges In India ver since its introduction in 1988, capital adequacy ratio has become an important benchmark to assess the financial strength and soundness of banks. It has been successful in enhancing competitive equality by ensuring level playing field for banks of different nationality. A survey conducted for 129 countries participating in the ninth International Conference of Banking Supervision showed that in 1996, more than 90% of the 129 countries applied Basel-like risk weighted capital adequacy requirement.Reserve Bank of India introduced risk assets ratio system as a capital adequacy measure in 1992, in line with the capital measurement system introduced by the Basel Committee in 1988, which takes into account the risk element in various types of funded balance sheet items as well as non-funded off-balance sheet exposures. Capital adequacy ratio is calculated on the basis of various degrees of risk weights attributed to different types of assets. As per current RBI guidelines, Indian banks are required to achieve capital adequacy ratio of 9% (as against the Basel Committee stipulation of 8%). E Swapan BakshiImplementation of Basel II has been described as a long journey rather than a destination by itself. RBI has decided to follow a consultative process while implementing Basel II norms and move in a gradual, sequential and co-ordinated manner. BASEL CAPITAL ACCORD However, the present accor d has been criticized as being inflexible due to focus on primarily credit risk and treating all types of borrowers under one risk category irrespective of credit rating. The major criticism against the existing accord stems from its ? Broad-brush approach irrespective of quality of counter party or credit ?Encouraging regulatory arbitrage by cherry picking ? Lack of incentives for credit risk mitigation techniques ? Not covering operational risk Moreover, years have passed since the introduction of the present accord. The business of banking, risk management practices, supervisory approaches and financial markets have undergone significant transformation since then. Therefore, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision thought it desirable that the present accord is replaced by a more risk-sensitive framework. The new accord aims to overcome the anomalies of the present system.It emphasizes on banks own internal methodologies, supervisory review and market discipline. (The author is a member of the Institute. He can be reached at emailprotected co. in THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 426 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II The new proposal is based on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and supervisors to evaluate properly the various risks that banks face and realign regulatory capital more closely with underlying risks. Each of these three pillars has risk mitigation as its central plank. The new risk sensitive approach seeks to strengthen the safety and soundness of the industry by focussing on ? ? more elaborate than the current accord. It proposes, for the first time, a measure for operational risk, while the market risk measure remains unchanged. The new proposal is based on three mutually reinforcing pillars that allow banks and supervisors to evaluate properly the various risks that banks face and realign regulatory capital more closelyThe Second Pillar with underlying risks. Supervisory Review Process Supervisory review process has been introduced to ens ure not only that banks have adequate capital to support all the risks, but also to encourage them o develop and use better risk management techniques in monitoring and managing their risks. Pillar III The process has Market four key princiDiscipline ples a) Banks should have a process for assessing their overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for monitoring their capital levels. b) Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal capital adequacy assessment and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulatory capital ratios. ) Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in excess of the minimum. d) Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage to prevent capital from falling below minimum level and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not mentioned or restored. Risk based cap ital (Pillar 1) Risk based supervision (Pillar 2) Risk disclosure to enforce market discipline (Pillar 3) Basel II Framework Pillar I Minimum Capital Requirements Pillar II Supervisory Review Process The First Pillar Minimum Capital RequirementsThe first pillar sets out minimum capital requirement. The new framework maintains minimum capital requirement of 8% of risk assets. Under the new accord capital adequacy ratio will be measured as under Total capital (unchanged) = (Tier I+Tier II+Tier III) Risk Weighed Assets = Credit risk + Market risk + Operational risk (Tier III capital has not yet been introduced in India. ) Basel II focuses on improvement in measurement of risks. The revised credit risk measurement methods are The Third Pillar Market Discipline Market discipline imposes strong incentives to banks to conduct their business in a safe, sound and effective manner.It is proposed to be effected through a series of disclosure requirements on capital, risk exposure etc. so tha t market participants can assess a banks capital adequacy. These disclosures should be made at least semi-annually and more frequently if appropriate. Qualitative disclosures such as risk management objectives and policies, definitions etc. may be published annually. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 427 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II Timeframe for Implementation The Basel Committee first released the proposal to replace the 1988 Accord with a more risk sensitive framework in June 1999, on which more than 200 comments were received.Reflecting on those comments the Committee presented a more concrete proposal in January 2001 seeking more comments from raise parties. The third consultative paper was released in April 2003. Furthermore Credit the Committee conducted three Assessment quantitative impact studies to assess the impact of the new proposals. Sovereign (Govt. Thereafter, the final version of the & Central Bank) New Accord has been published on Claims on Banks June 26, 2004, which is designed to Option 1 establish minimum level of capital for internationally active banks.The Option 2a new framework is to be made Option 2b applicable from 2006 end. The more advanced approaches will be impleCorporates mented by the end of year 2007. COMPUTATION OF CAPITAL REQUIREMENT Capital Requirement for Credit Risk The New Accord provided for the following alternative methods for computing capital requirement for credit risk Credit Risk The Standardized Approach The standardized approach is conceptually the same as the present accord, but is more risk sensitive. The bank allocates a risk weight to each of its assets and off-balance sheet positions and produces a sum of riskweighted asset values.A risk weight of 100% means that an exposure is included in the calculation of risk weighted assets value, which translates into a capital Credit Risk charge equal to 9% of that value. Individual risk weight currently depends on the broad category of borrower (i. e. sovereign, banks or corporat es). Under the new accord, the risk weights are to be refined by reference to a rating provided by an external credit assessment institution (such as rating agency) that meets strict standards. Proposed Risk Weight Table AAA to A+ to BBB+ AAA- to BBB0% 20% 50% BB+ to B100% Below Unrated B150% 100% 20% 20% 20% 20% 50% 50% 20% 50% 100% 50% 20% 100% 00% 100% 50% to 150% 150% 150% 150% 100% 50% 20% 100% Option 1 = Risk weights based on risk weight of the country Option 2a = Risk weight based on assessment of individual bank Option 2b = Risk weight based on assessment of individual banks with claims of original maturity of less than 6 months. Retail Portfolio (subject to qualifying criteria) 75% Claims secured by residential property 35% Non-performing assets If specific provision is less than 20% 150% If specific provision is more than 20% 100% The Committee has not proposed significant change in respect of off-balance Sheet items except for commitment to extend credit.The Internal Rati ng Based Approach (IRB) Under the IRB approach, banks will be allowed by the supervisors to use their internal estimates of risk components to assess credit risk in their portfolios, subject to strict methodological and disclosure standards. A bank estimates each borrowers creditworthiness and the results are translated into estimates of a future potential loss amount, which form the basis of minimum capital requirements. The risk components include measures of ? Standardized Approach Internal Rating Based approach Securitization Framework Foundation IRB Advanced IRBProbability of Default (PD), THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 428 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II ? ? ? Loss Given Default (LGD), Exposure At Default (EAD) and Effective Maturity (M) standardized approach under the securitization framework. Similarly, banks that have received approval to use IRB approach for the type of underlying exposure, must use the IRB approach for the securitization. The differences between foundation IRB and advanc ed IRB have been captured in the following table Data Input Probability of Default Foundation IRB Provided by bank based on own estimates Capital Charge for Market RiskAlthough the Basel Committee issued Amendment to the Capital Accord to incorporate Market Risks in 1996, RBI as an interim measure, advised banks to assign an additional risk weight of 2. 5% on the entire investment portfolio. RBI feels that over the years, banks ability to identify and measure market risk has improved and therefore, decided to assign explicit capital charge for market risk in a phased manner over a two year period as under -. Advanced IRB Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimates Provided by bank based on own estimatesLoss Supervisory values set Given Default by the Committee Exposure at Default Effective Maturity Supervisory values set by the Committee Supervisory values set by the Committee Or At the national discretion, provided by bank based on own estimates The IRB approach is based on measures of Unexpected Loss (UL) and Expected Loss (EL). While capital requirement provides for UL portion, EL component is taken care of by provisioning. Securitization Framework Banks must apply the securitization framework for determining regulatory capital requirement on exposure arising from securitization.Banks that apply the standardized approach to credit risk for the underlying exposure, must use the a. Banks would be required to maintain capital charge for market risk in respect of their trading book exposure (including derivatives) by March 2005. b. Banks would be required to maintain capital charge for market risk in respect of securities under available for sale category by March 2006. Market Risk Approaches Market Risk Standardized Approach Internal Model Based approach Maturity Based Duration Based RBI has issued detailed guidelines for computation of capital charge on Market Risk in June 2004.The g uidelines seek to address the issues involved in com- THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 429 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II puting capital charge for interest rate related instruments in the trading book, equities in the trading book and foreign exchange risk (including gold and precious metals) in both trading and banking book. Trading book will include Securities included under the Held for Trading category Securities included under the Available for Sale category ? Open gold position limits ? Open foreign exchange position limits ? Trading position in derivatives and derivatives entered into for hedging trading book exposures.As per the guidelines, minimum capital requirement is expressed in terms of two separately calculated charges a. Specific Risk and b. General Market Risk Specific Risk Capital charge for specific risk is designed to protect against an adverse movement in price of an individual security due to factors related to individual issuer. This is similar to credit risk. The specific ri sk charges are divided into various categories such as investments in Govt securities, claims on Banks, investments in mortgage backed securities, securitized papers etc. nd capital charge for each category specified. General Market Risk Capital charge for general market risk is designed to capture the risk of loss arising from changes in market interest rates. The Basel Committee suggested two broad methodologies for computation of capital charge for market risk, i. e. , Standardized Method and Internal Risk Management Model Method. As Banks in India are still in a nascent stage of developing internal risk management models, in the guidelines, it is proposed that to start with, the Banks may adopt the Standardized Method.Again, under Standardized Method, there are two principle methods for measuring market risk maturity method and duration method. As duration method is a more accurate method of measuring interest rate risk, RBI prefers that Banks measure all of their general marke t risk by calculating the price sensitivity (modified duration) of each position separately. For this purpose detailed mechanics to be followed, time bands, assumed changes in yield etc. have been provided by RBI. Capital Charge for Equities Capital charge for specific risk will be 9% of the Banks gross equity position. The general market risk charge will also be 9%.Thus the Bank will have to maintain capital equal to 18% of investment in equities (twice the present minimum requirement). Capital Charge for Foreign Exchange Risk ? ? Foreign exchange open position and gold open position are at present risk weighted at 100%. Capital charge for foreign exchange and gold open position would continue to be computed at 9% as hitherto. Risk Aggregation The capital charge for specific risk, general market risk and equity and forex position will be added up and the resultant figure will be multiplied by 11. 11 (inverse of 9%) to arrive at the notional risk weighted assets.Capital Charge for O perational Risk The Basel Committee has defined the Operational Risk as the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events. This definition includes legal risk but excludes strategic and reputational risk. The objective of the operational risk management is to reduce the expected operational losses using a set of key risk indicators to measure and control risk on continuous basis and provide risk capital on operational risk for ensuring financial soundness of the Bank. Operational Risk Approaches Operational RiskBasic Indicator Approach Standardized Approach Advanced Measurement Approach Basic Indicator Approach Under the basic indicator approach, Banks are required to hold capital for operational risk equal to the average over the previous three years of a fixed percentage (15% denoted as alpha) of annual gross income. Gross income is defined as net interest income plus net non-interest income, excluding realized pro fit/losses from the sale of securities in the banking book and extraordinary and irregular items. Standardized Approach Under the standardized approach, banks activities are divided into eight business lines.Within each business line, gross income is considered as a broad indicator for the likely scale of operational risk. Capital charge for each business line is calculated by multiplying gross income by a factor (denoted beta) assigned to THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 430 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II This partly explains the current trend of consolidation in the banking industry. Profitability Competition among banks for highly rated corporates needing lower amount of capital may exert pressure on already thinning interest spread. Further, huge implementation cost may also impact profitability for smaller banks.Risk Management Architecture The new standards are an amalgam of international best practices and calls for introduction of advanced risk management system with wider application throug hout the organization. It would be a daunting task to create the required level of technological architecture and human skill across the institution. Rating Requirement Although there are a few credit rating agencies in India the level of rating penetration is very low. A study revealed that in 1999, out of 9640 borrowers enjoying fund-based working capital facilities from banks only 300 were rated by major agencies.Further, rating is a lagging indicator of the credit risk and the agencies have poor track record in this respect. There is a possibility of rating blackmail through unsolicited rating. Moreover rating in India is restricted to issues and not issuers. Encouraging rating of issuers would be a challenge. Choice of Alternative Approaches The new framework provides for alternative approaches for computation of capital requirement of various risks. However, competitive advantage of IRB approach may lead to domination of this approach among big banks. Banks adopting IRB appr oach will be more sensitive than those adopting standardized approach.This may result in high-risk assets flowing to banks on standardized approach as they would require lesser capital for these assets than banks on IRB approach. Hence, the system as a whole may maintain lower capital than warranted and become more vulnerable. It is to be considered whether in our quest for perfect standards, we have lost the only universally accepted standard. Absence of Historical Database Computation of probability of default, loss given default, migration mapping and supervisory validation require creation of historical database, which is a time consuming process and may require initial support from the supervisor.Incentive to Remain Unrated In case of unrated sovereigns, banks and corporates the prescribed risk weight is 100%, whereas in case of those entities with lowest ratting, the risk weight is 150%. This may create incentive for the category of counterparties, which anticipate lower rati ng to remain unrated. Supervisory Framework Implementation of The final version of the New Accord has been published on June 26, 2004, which is designed to establish minimum level of capital for internationally active banks. The new framework is to be made applicable from 2006 end.The more advanced approaches will be implemented by the end of year 2007. that business line. Total capital charge is calculated as the three-year average of the simple summations of the regulatory capital across each of the business line in each year. The values of the betas prescribed for each business line are as under Business Line Corporate finance Trading and sales Retail banking Commercial banking Payment and settlement Agency services Asset management Retail brokerage Beta Factor 18% 18% 12% 15% 18% 15% 12% 12%Advanced Measurement Approach Under advanced measurement approach, the regulatory capital will be equal to the risk measures generated by the banks internal risk measurement system using the prescribed quantitative and qualitative criteria. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES While there is no second opinion regarding the purpose, necessity and usefulness of the proposed new accord the techniques and methods suggested in the consultative document would pose considerable implementational challenges for the banks especially in a developing country like India.Capital Requirement The new norms will almost invariably increase capital requirement in all banks across the board. Although capital requirement for credit risk may go down due to adoption of more risk sensitive models such advantage will be more than offset by additional capital charge for operational risk and increased capital requirement for market risk. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 431 OCTOBER 2004 BASEL II Basel II norms will prove a challenging task for the bank supervisors as well.Given the paucity of supervisory resources there is a need to reorient the resource deployment strategy. Supervisory cadre has to be properly trai ned for understanding of critical issues for risk profiling of supervised entities and validating and guiding development of complex IRB models. Corporate Governance Issues Basel II proposals underscore the interaction between sound risk management practices and corporate good governance. The banks board of directors has the responsibility for setting the basic tolerance levels for various types of risk.It should also ensure that management establishes a framework for assessing the risks, develop a system to relate risk to the banks capital levels and establish a method for monitoring compliance with internal policies. National Discretion Basel II norms set out a number of areas where national supervisor will need to determine the specific definitions, approaches or thresholds that wish to adopt in implementing the proposals. The criteria used by supervisors in making these determinations should draw upon domestic market practice and experience and be consistent with the objectives of Basel II norms.Disclosure Regime Pillar 3 purports to enforce market discipline through stricter disclosure requirement. While admitting that such disclosure may be useful for supervisory authorities and rating agencies the expertise and ability of the general public to comprehend and interpret disclosed information is open to question. Moreover, too much disclosure may cause information overload and may even damage financial position of bank. Disadvantage for Smaller Banks The new framework is very complex and difficult to understand.It calls for revamping the entire management information system and allocation of substantial resources. Therefore, it may be out of reach for many smaller banks. As Moodys Investors Services puts it, It is unlikely that these banks will have the financial resources, intellectual capital, skills and large scale commitment that larger competitors have to build sophisticated systems to allocate regulatory capital optimally for both credit and operati onal risks. Discriminatory against Developing Countries Developing counties have high concentration of lower rated borrowers. The calibration of IRB has lesser incentives to lend to such borrowers. This, alongwith withdrawal of uniform risk weight of 0% on sovereign claims may result in overall reduction in lending by internationally active banks in developing countries and increase their cost of borrowing.Although the Basel Committee issued Amendment to the Capital Accord to incorporate Market Risks in 1996, RBI as an interim measure, advised banks to assign an additional risk weight of 2. 5% on the entire investment portfolio. External and Internal Auditors The working Group set up by the Basel Committee to look into implemetational issues observed that supervisors may wish to involve third parties, such a external auditors, internal auditors and consultants to assist them carrying out some of the duties under Basel II.The precondition is that there should be a suitably developed national accounting and auditing standards and framework, which are in line with the best international practices. A minimum qualifying criteria for firms should be those that have a dedicated financial services or banking division that is properly researched and have proven ability to respond to training and upgrades required of its own staff to complete the tasks adequately.With the implementation of the new framework, internal auditors may become increasingly involved in various processes, including validation and of the accuracy of the data inputs, review of activities performed by credit functions and assessment of a banks capital assessment process. CONCLUSION Implementation of Basel II has been described as a long journey rather than a destination by itself. Undoubtedly, it would require commitment of substantial capital and human resources on the part of both banks and the supervisors.RBI has decided to follow a consultative process while implementing Basel II norms and move in a gradual, sequential and co-ordinated manner. For this purpose, dialogue has already been initiated with the stakeholders. As envisaged by the Basel Committee, the accounting profession too, will make a positive contribution in this respect to make Indian banking system stronger. THE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT 432 OCTOBER 2004