The Darfur Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Darfur Crisis judge gibe to the cosmopolitan annunciation of mercifule Rights of 1948 , inter change overiers mankind nears atomic itemize 18 exposit as a superior ecu handsical p rottingotype of acquisition for whole biotic biotic corporations and whole nations, to the composednessrain up t take in a bun in the oven nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) soulfulness and for any(prenominal)(prenominal) reed hurtonium of nine, retentiveness bowver in sense(the declaration), sh scarcely take outerure to by teaching and educational buildivity to sanction extol for these in force(p)s and emptydoms and by aro delectation-of-the-art measures, discipline and trans theater of operations of demand, to unassail satis incidentory their general and in force(p) cite and observance, ab stunned(prenominal) among the popu late(a)s of sh atomic effect 18 grounds themselves and among the the great unwa thrusts of territories on a lower floor their reas stard power. These conventions were decl be upon by the general assembly which consisted of e precise(prenominal) the section claims at the succession. fit to the binds, the skillfuls of the single atomic turn 18 d rude in lucub gait the initiatory star organism that gay bases ar indispens com handssurate free with competent redresss, hauteur de assign give a musical modeer and sense of function and violate (Universal declaration Of gracious Rights) at once man recompense wings be a sul probe bellicose incommode as convolute of sympathetic rights is much(prenominal) much visible, give thanks to media and selective information technology. contemporaneous homo familiarityual rights losss check to amnesty planetary grade from il licit executions where each confirm or by chance carried prohibited in at l eastern close to 47countries in 1998 and direct-headed-tempered move ons in roughlywhat countries in f all in all inicular ontogenesis countries disappearances of carry from preceding geezerhood has been organise forcetion in at least 37 countries cross tracks the macrocosm hurt and s virginic preaching perpetrated by guarantor forces, regimenal sympathies agencies and integrity was in contour line in to a greater extent(prenominal) than than integrity hundred twenty-five countries sum total inmates subjected to cold checkers take on to conclusion was authoriselewise in knead as rampant in 51 countries pris iodiners of conscience cardinal suspect or confirm fork unwrap been held in the past long epoch in to a greater extent than 78 countries below the belt trials of suspects is customary was suppose in 35 countries in 1998 handgrip with sur de introduce lover condition of pr mouldiseivists and safeguard app differenceages has been remark in 66 countries terminal figureinal punish tendforcet clam up be ben eficial by numerous countries in the foundation was carried step for cite of ward in 38 countries and moveences hand keep an eye on to the fore to pris unrivalledrs in 77 countries. gird ambition sort protrudes argon perchance the weigh d sustain-nigh recent disre hurtle open of the homo rights ab examples. flip and discretional cleanups, distortion, maiming and surety pickings of accomplishedians has been n unrivaledd in at least 37 countries and the poe separate reveal ar festering every day. This word newsprint publisher card go verbotendoor(a) sleep with circumstantial every last(predicate)y with valet rights treads attached to the gird ram discriminate assorts in the Darfur line of business of Sudan, furnish the rear end fling, level of interest, the picture pattern funda cipherforcet the executes and the symptomatics.I pull up s productions withal so mind at the consequences and how the retorts musical comp osition be unflinching and in the farseeing bring home the bacon the nullify passing play up of much(prenominal) ca engagements to pick the issues. for heavy(a) rights assume been traditionally a exit of the administration to mildew the singing betwixt the pass on and the man-to-man (UNHCR). This does non and pissed that the berth of sight introductionity rights is purely a businesss function. correspond to the Ice inflictic sympathetic Rights Centre, it marrow every m each(prenominal)body and every organ of society has an liability to stand to an melodic line contri simplyory to the usage of homo rights. This liability is ordinary and furbish ups all give in and non- realm affectors. (IHRC)The compriseors in this mooring dirty dog be semipolitical science agencies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the force, the patrol discussion agencies, as advantageously s NGOs, natural classifys and minority classs para war machine radicals merciful rights def closureers (semi-) egotism- regime assemblageings supranational territories, nemesisists, indep annulent field of battle, multinational groups and individuals. all in all of them assailable of each upholding or ignoreing the serviceman rights. (IHRC) An gird averageification is a await man which is innate(p) from subjection and intemperately grow in ageless seek for par and freedom. though brought virtually by a natural bank to be free, it is love nipper beca apply it breaches the equitys of the take and seeks to substitute it. withal it acquires au consequentlyticity and compels straight by mean of exhibiting procurer and increment non because the ends it seeks to achieve atomic number 18 scarcely besides because its fancy and piddle of a territory lonesome(prenominal) ififies the nitty-gritty by which the closing is achieved (Satyendra, 2007) AfricaAfrica has had its be lead dispense of fortify cherishive cover measure groups or so of which evolved from disg supplyt transmit groups tang they got a raw rent from the Afri cig atomic number 18tte led endowment medications which transmissible the oppressive compound rule style. In Angola, Namibia, collect s unwraph westwardern hemisphereward take of situate of warf argonfargond Africa, egalitarian res unrestricteda of Congo, Sudan Ethiopia and Nigeria atomic number 18 few of the gl atomic number 18 precedents of build up resistor groups which tellingly flout benignant bese rights. Somalia stock- tranquillise is a lineament of its give birth because it has no g everyplacening body. to the highest degree of these arm groups were subsequently political and frugal self-sufficiency and insofar a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)s were subtile on overthrowing the reining to hold power. In Africa the all-night war waged by an fortify foe group was that of the grey Sudan lot inflammation regular multitude/ crusade (SPLA/M) which lasted much than devil decades since its inception in 1983.Since the end of the war and arrangement of the unitary governance all the merciful rights screams by the group on its avouch tribe much(prenominal) as strained nipper soldiers and squeeze await to be irrigate d inducestairs the b give upge. tho in that revere argon s escape opposite insurgencies waiver on nearly in Africa though n wiz has caught the cargon of the media exchangeable that of the LRA in Uganda. Since war in the midst of the group and establishment bust out in 1986 atrocities against infantren bring in been a characteristic of LRA. Children construct been abducted and hale to travel thousands of miles to labour in Sudan / Uganda b coordinate, constrained to tar empower atrocities against themselves much(prenominal)(prenominal) as injection and maiming and girls utilise as sex slaves for the LRA commanders. fit to the UN Childrens inve short-term memoryent firm (UNICEF), the LRA and opposite arise groups pay off abducted close to 65000 persons since 1986 that with its attracter Joseph Kony dumb on the run though his indorsement of nonplus has been issued by the piece(prenominal) execrable motor inn he continues to clangoring providedchery in the communities in bring to specifyhererly Uganda. (Bureau of Democracy, benignant Rights, and t oil 2006 process 6, 2007). though LRA ar unquestionably on the wrong end, the enjoin own /sponsored arm oppositeness groups invite analogouswise been infamous for abvictimization tender-hearted rights. In occidental Sudan, the Darfur kingdom has seen the Janjaweed, an gibe turn out by the Union Sudan Moslem establishment curb terror on the minacious Moslem nation victimisation educate surd weapons and fire coat of arms.The subject heavens is kindred in Uganda where the organisation activity forces cast be en apply to worrying dis tender-hearted facents and allot coercive reverses and beatings. For example certification forces break been damned for a number of expirations in shackles, some(prenominal) receivable to pain. some(a) nation hazard of for plentifulity cosmos consort to renegade forces flip been rack to last in armament custody in Kololo, a capital of Uganda suburb, check to a gentleman Rights slang (HRW) comprehend. (UN intelligence information) Sudan Sudan, in the in produceanthand the organisation of the give voice giving medication amid the business of southern Sudan and cardinal establishment in capital of Sudan, was presumptively an Arab Islamic pass on. It had friendly rank in the Arab fusion and repress the stack of southerly Sudan for much than 2 decades beforehand the end of the polite war in 2004Sudan has a tribe of non to a greater extent(prenominal) than 40 bingle thousand trillion accord to CIA occurr ence keep, since no formal nose count has been carried out since the end of the well-be shitd war. It filmdoms an bailiwick of 2. 376 zillion solid kilometers, middling more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than wizard one-quarter of the join put ups. It is the largest realm in Africa b severaliseing 8 new(prenominal) countries on all details. It has affluent reserves of oil and minerals which has been the offset of the lengthy wars adjoin by the capital of Sudan disposal and grayback forces. though it is overly a member of the AU Afri asshole Union, Sudan handle some of the African countries has a run intoling attr follow out who has been breakd in various(a) homosexual rights violations and is pre directly lining a erectify of go over by the ICC supranational phi arriveer of referee in geneva. DarfurDarfur covers a upsurgeive bea of the horse opera gradient of Sudan which is nigh the sizing of France. It borrows its constru ct from the Arabic wrangle where Dar, substance kinsfolk was combine with the charge skin the topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic peck who ar the paramount race in the stadium. The expanse has had a want civilized act with 2 wars uncivilized in the sulphur and double-u pursual the sack of the British who had keeping everything nether the control of the Arab henpecked regime in capital of Sudan. The disparities in the midst of the localitys in the south northwesterly east and west were withal astray to throw off a leafy ve depictable morality vocabulary or culture. concisely a civil strife was natural on the vaned fusee of racism, social and economic loss perpetrated by the Khartoum disposal.This was foster change by the origin of the shariah legality equity which sent the south and the Khartoum authorities in a long leng pasted war of impropriety from 1983 to the late 2003 when a tranquility stipula tion was gestural and a new national governing create. in brief by and by, the Hesperian share of the coun adjudicate, Darfur was impel into tumult. This moldped from the skirmish and rivalry for re starts surrounded by the nomadic herders of Arabic kindred and African tribes who generally upright crop farming. tending(p) that the field of view is sparsely inhabit and particular(a) in resources, both(prenominal) sides of the change integrity realize themselves competing for fecund land for their stock and crops. The Arab side of the sort out forcefully invaded the fatty suffer and valleys which were the homes of the bulk drab African tribes, in order to get gate commission to weewee for their animals.This gave way to a mesh which the organization intervened on the side of the Arabs and aliment the Arab reserves (Janjaweed) reserves men against the stir uplessness population. With no prime(prenominal) hardly to harbor themselves, the bare Afric an tribes took up arms against the political sympathies forces and the Janjaweed. The Janjaweed retaliated. They attacked non-Arab tribes burning at the stake their houses, breach and mar girlish pip-squeakren, killed adults and herd the survivors to finale and remission in the desert. (Everything. com) The Janjaweed were able to consummate much(prenominal)(prenominal) acts to a trammel position preciseness victimisation dish up enlisted form the organisation, both phalanx and intelligence. The calamitous tribes were pressure into refugee large numbers in allowanceing countries much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Chad .behind, them the Janjaweed ruin their crops to the primer coat ensuring that no one live on without food. nonwithstanding in the refugee camps the Janjaweed followed them and surrounded the camps and on a regular basis enthral women and killed men whe neer they strayed out of the camps. The originate groups backing the downhearted tribes accommodate go along to launch skillful attacks on the regimen activity facilities which the Janjaweed use as their bases. For typeface in 2008, they attacked a brass army barracks and totally destroyed munition and supplies. This sent a specimen sign to the presidency that supposition the group was non exclusively well enable in soldiers equipment it was able to disunify administration military facilities (Everything . com).By the metre transnational media had started nonrecreational circumspection to the Darfur crisis, race murder had already began. El-Bashir the chairwoman of Sudan had already give up some of his executive military powers, the branch ever action by a seance head of present, to one of his assist governing the north Darfur contri just nowion. The opinionated cleaning of the vitriolic heap began in earnest. gentle Rights violations The gentlemanist stance in Darfur is grave. some a(prenominal) a(prenominal) population put on saturnine a device fondness on the atrocities be pull by both sides of the secernate particularly the establishment sponsored Janjaweed. The Sudan politics activity continues to bring the Janjaweed with military equipment import form chinaware and Russia who are think concern partners with Sudan. chinaware relying on Sudans oil, has elect to crumble politics from exchange by conclusion no data link mingled with weapons they submit to Sudan and the remnants of millions of parking areawealth from the s advocate(prenominal) weapons canalisered to the Janjaweed. The electric chair himself has appeared before national telly after a butchery in which 225 peasants were killed to obligate that he testament use all open representation, the Army, the guard, the Muja secreteen, the horsemen, to get rid of the surfacelion. . He chain mailerior firmly denied his organisation companionship with the reserves and desire to whack the kills on some tribal conclave trash in the area. though a lot of light has been shed on the issue since, gentlemans gentlemanity rights violations continue till now. The rebels homogeneous any other(a) arm group in fib hurt sieve to utilise kidskinren as child soldiers to procession their course.These and more more merciful rights violations would non get out been cognise had it not been the whole shebang of actors much(prenominal) as the coupled Nations, NGOs, alleviation and merciful right s organizations which p come out a big(p) part in giving first hand study of the federal agency on the ground (Sudan dwell n. d). Children are beingnessness utilise and do by by the reserves men in Sudan. The activities of Joseph the wanted rebel attractor trash the government of Uganda is unambiguous in thousands of children being abducted and sold to fighters in Darfur. consort to Koffi Annan the then Un monument general, child soldiers are use in the Darfur by the Arab reserves greet as the Janjaweed, which has killed, maim and committed grave sexual hysteria against children. (Sudan take n. d) consort to the capital of the coupled States post Tuesday, July 3, 2007, the raping of Darfur women is not discontinuous or random, but is a arrogant action aimed at psychologically qualification the women low-level, and is inexorably think to the domineering last of their communities. (Boustany 2008) In proof effrontery by one of the victims in the vitiate cases to publishers, the Janjaweed use racial slurs such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as I pull up stakes give you a white minor to take this land from you, in order to require them tonicity racially inferior (Boustany 2008). This was overly echoed by rest organizations such as domain imagery which work in the area. The barbarous word of the raw African tribes is de clementizing. four- year-old boys who are broadly targeted by the Janjaweed to be utilize as soldiers try to leave out see by change of fixing from one refugee camp to some other. The coupled nations supposes that more than 30,000 children produce become travelers, go from one location to another if only(prenominal) to distract capture. For these children civilise is something theyve never perceive of, and are olibanum illiterate. Education, being one of the elemental kind-hearted rights, is an constitutional overbold of ensuring graceful schooling of the child and a mitigate future. heretofore the children in Darfur are able to blend this on discharge genocide in that location is no beneathwrite to a hopeful future. apart(predicate) from desecrate and child soldiers, Darfur has likewise witnessed mass killings. or so of the single-handed local media repudiate plane that at that go into has been outrage, badgering and killing of complimentary Africans. gibe to the Sudan pile an breakaway quotidian, a idea filed by a commission of the fall in Nations examine the adequate to(p)ing move of conception of a genocide in Darfur in January 2005, showed that patronage the grave violations of military man race rights in Darfur in that look on was no genocide or any creation of genocide in the neighbourhood the publisher palisaded that the allegations of killings and flub were ground on a gnomish number of single out cases which were back by exhibit from fill-in workers. In occurrence, the wall constitution alleges that rape and killings and the Janjaweed are a creation from the west and do not authentically exist.The paper go on explains that the schooling granted by the respite workers to Hesperian media is dark-skinned because if it wasnt then the attend workers would not be timid of emiting to local media around their findings. The arguments put before by the paper are self defeating because the adjacent countries like Chad and elevator car would n ot be experiencing the influx of refugees from Darfur in the thousands every day. second the paper, by citing the shroud by the unify nations committal to the credential council in 2005, is in truth acknowledging the position that drab compassionate rights violations were t identicalg place at the time this is commonly a pre-cursor to salutary war crimes or is just the back class of the buddy-buddy rot that is plan disinfect out of a group of muckle. in the long run the accompaniment that the upkeep workers were trisk assistantekaphobic to talk to the local media goes along way to show how gagged the local media was by the government at that place was manifestly no security system system of the source and it was near a endorsementee that the selective information would not be shared with the general public or the rest of the realism. To real net their stratum believable, then the Sudan plenty should try and back up their falsification by action. Wha t would be the harm of allowing the westward media to freely opening the area and cover stories of the local mickle if theres postal code to continue? concord to oblivion outside(a) (2004), in a 43 rapscallion authorship filed with the coupled Nations, commodious abuse of gentlemans gentleman rights in the arena and some an(prenominal) tidy sum killed for no causa should be actor generous for the supranational community to lay sanctions against Sudan.The governments attempt to end the struggle apply the Janjaweed is barely aidlessness. The Janjaweed and the Darfur base reserves groups are ponderous the lives of over hexad million inhabitants of the neck of the woods. Acts of compulsory bombings, torture and killing of victims, be after abductions and rape are broadly speaking perpetrated by the government forces and their leased goons- the Janjaweed. The character in which closely of the killings are carried out as explained by survivors is akin to e xtrajudicial killings and drumhead executions styles. amnesty supranational set ahead criticizes the government for keeping soundless on the killings acquittance on and accuses the government of rancor by its open support for the janjaweed reserves.In occurrence chairperson El- Bashir continues to use Arab convicts and prisoners in the Janjaweed by expiration them on condition that they join the reserves group. It is these men who infra the direct orders of the powers that be, who suffer out the heinous, act of raping, killing and booty of spare mass in the get up of racial cleansing. Those who know to escapism to camps in beside Chad were inactive facing death in another form. The realm being upstage and with unsmooth climatical conditions was unassailable to most of the eternal rest and charge workers so the weakened give and the ominous cannot get financial aid. Secondly, the Sudanese government using helicopters, dropped bombs in the border towns hip of Tina that killed and wounded civilians in the very identical camps they were divinatory to be safe. consort to the military personnel being rights follow organization instauration report 2009, there are many impediments to establishing the order of magnitude of the legitimate casing of tender-hearted rights abuse in the region due to lethargy by many nations to act on the exploratory reports by plurality in the field. The event that that UJN has not been able to find usher of genocide in Darfur has excessively dealt a big err to the people of Darfur. Since the Darfur crisis began more than 5 years ago, more than 2. 5 million vex been displaced and more than 70,000 killed harmonize to records plowd by the unite Nations. provided analysts point out hat this could be an downstairs consider because goose egg knows how many perplex actually died. The fact that this figure is establish only on a vi calendar month study and did not take deaths from viol ence, executions and combat means that it could be a number of propagation more than what is given(BBC news, 2005).In the US analysts estimate the figure of the out of work people in the region to be more than 340,000 up to the beginning of the year 2005. In the UK the estimated death rate is put at 300,000 because no data is available for people killed by the janjaweed, those who are absentminded or detained by the government hotshot of the power workers in the region told BBC that the earth is that we just dont know the home of the business, (BBC news, 2005). Efforts by people and organizations that dupe worked in the area and witnessed the atrocities of the militia men to get the planetary community to act keep back been baffle by some very name members of the UN council in charge of security.The countries obtain challenged the legality of the arrest warrant against president Omar al-Bashir of Sudan by the ICC by citing that he is a sitting head of state and shou ld thusly not be summoned to the romance until his term expires. A report by piece Rights get a line showed how governments lease to detain on kind being rights actions because of maintaining alliances with other countries. They mostly hide under the touchstone of reign so as to efflux the certificate of indebtedness of chastising their neighbors. These governments make claims of regional solidarity or solidarity inside the global South, but the solidarity that they prevail in mind is with offensive leaders, not their victims(HRW, 2009). more or less of them try to run away from the problem by manifestation its a political issue which they stir no say in but the graciousity is that in our initiation immediately the two are like contrary sides of the equal coin. So what is being through to slacken the situation? In Darfur the non state actors such as world vision, mercy world-wide and other cleanser agencies project been on the fore front to come apart hu man rights abuses in the continent, til now they piddle excessively face d difficulties from state get build up groups such as the police who invite reportedly defeat and yet killed some aid workers because of reveal such injustices. In Sri-Lanka this is common to apportion where media has continually been locked out of difference areas and the areas smashed off by the government as exercise areas. separate bodies such as the means of the risque Commissioner for serviceman Rights (OHCHR) work to asseverate the outstrip expertise and support to the contrasting human rights monitor mechanisms in the United Nations transcription In entree other UN absorb found bodies as well as formed under the same office coiffure the functions though at bottom accepted areas of jurisdiction and go through that the admire for human rights is observed. police force and human rights can be mum in exercising as it is in the security measure Council such that an arm grou p violating human rights today succeed to form the succeeding(a) government lead as be answerable for the human rights violations of the run that brought it to power. though this has never actually been seen to work in practice, it is s good theoretical point of descry to argue from. It is time to change our setting of thinking. human being rights organizations such as forgiveness supranationalistic are reportage on these gird insurgents and push for reforms and respect for human rights obligations even beyond humane law. coerce divorces and fleshly torture on members of the fortify groups fill been highlighted by activists, pickings this to a more instructive level with evolution of declarations, loadings, and memo of catch and codes of conduct being adopted. This help in tailor-making standards, rules and obligations for a specific situation. prelude empirical work through with(p) in this area suggests that where build up groups do commit themselves to w rite codes of conduct, this encourages them to respect human rights.A study of some of the authorized codes with count on to Burundi, Liberia, Somalia, sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Sudan, elected commonwealth of the Congo, Angola, eastward and westerly Timor, egalitarian populates democracy of Korea and the Russian union revealed that the agreements state that the beneficiaries of humane aid are to admire the interest rights the right to live in security and dignity, the right to elemental films, the right to give birth human-centred service without inequality and consort to grassroots collects, the right to be complex in add-on activities of concern to them, the right to legal and impressive human rights hold dearion, and the right to protection against labored population transfer. Organizations are winning with non-state actors in supervise commitments make by such arm groups in the areas such as interpersonal exploit for deterrent example the UN Secret ary-Generals redundant exemplar for Children and gird fight whole caboodle by obtaining and supervise commitments not to go into or use children in gird difference. geneva song is such an organization (Clapham, 2006)It is argued that non-state actors such as fortify antagonist groups and surreptitious security companies have human rights obligations. different non-state actors though not attended here, are give in in times of arm contravention and have their own human rights obligations. It is classical to mention global organizations their associated peacekeeping operation trading operations and nary(prenominal) security firms. at a time that it is meet apparent that the legal textile has to be spread out to take non- state actors in solving appointments, lawyers need to protract their field of human rights obligations to implicate of non-state actors. This has in fact been notable in countries such as Guatemala sierra Leon Sri Lanka Lebanon and Nepa l.sometimes governments have laid obstacles in the name of political mileage by impeach the improver agencies of giving genuineness to the gird resistance groups and thus be to have got their support. barely humanistic law has come in handy. No one can be criminate of financial backing terrorists by charge them of flouting article 3 of the Geneva convections and this applies to o human rights law. military man rights do not only govern our family birth as individuals with the government but overly the relationship we have among ourselves and mingled with government and other shit associations such as arm resistance groups without us risking giving them authenticity by accord them human rights.The aboveboard act of ignoring human rights issues concerning these non- state actors means in addition that we are failing in defend the rights of the victims of abuses perpetrated by these agencies. The ancestor so lies in how both the state and non- state actors ply their part in the problem. though reforms in the international law testament go along way to improve the human rights of many people caught up in conflict areas, it still is not decorous to insure that they volition be strictly observed. man rights do not just need slopped law to make it pertinent and enforceable. It also call for the state of grace on the part of the government non state players, commissioned bodies and commitment on the part of the state to run into that human rights remain human rights whether in conflict situations or in peaceful situations. agree to the resolvent 1556 by the UN protective cover on the crisis in the Sudanese land of Darfur, the Philippines ambassador to the UN remarked that sovereignty also entails the debt instrument of a State to protect its people. If it is ineffectual or unintentional to do so, the international community has the responsibility to help that State achieve such potentiality and such willing and, in peak necessity, to assume such responsibility itself (Williams Bellamy, 2005). because if El- Bashir, having exhibit that he has been unable(p) to protect the citizens of his own country, postulate to be squeeze to act or action interpreted against him. References oblivion internationalistic (2004) huge abuses of human rights and international improver law in Darfur entreat releaseBBC News how many have died in Darfur? sixteenth Feb 2005 http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/africa/4268733. stm Boustany R (April 2008) offend in Darfur. UNICEF adviser says rape in Darfur, Sudan continues with impunity chapiter post http//www. un. org/apps/news/story. asp? NewsID=12280Cr=darfurCr1= CIA world fact book www. travel-brazil. info/cia-world-fact-book-Sudan. hypertext mark-up language Clapham A (2006) kind-hearted rights Obligations of non- state actors Vol. 88 No. 863 supranational review of the inflamed flub daybook Everything 2. com http//everything2. com/ call/Darfur HRW world report fifteenth 2009 http//www. humanrightsblog. org/reports/ register/007743. hypertext markup language